Table 2.
The annual direct medical costs per patient by complication type (US$)
| Complications | Total cost | OOP cost | Proportion of OOP (%) | ||
| Mean (95% CI) | Median (P25–P75) | Mean (95% CI) | Median (P25–P75) | ||
| None | 248 (242 to 255) | 110 (23–292) | 105 (102 to 108) | 46 (3–114) | 42.27 |
| Overall | 1399 (1222 to 1591) | 445 (138–1348) | 525 (472 to 584) | 184 (61–562) | 37.52 |
| Acute complications | 5558 (1806 to 12393) | 2510 (1717–2962) | 2173 (746 to 4744) | 968 (743–1423) | 39.10 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1150 (940 to 1413) | 305 (113–1007) | 475 (388 to 578) | 122 (46–403) | 41.33 |
| Stroke | 1724 (1420 to 2145) | 603 (158–1635) | 568 (501 to 647) | 243 (72–637) | 32.91 |
| Retinopathy | 766 (617 to 933) | 436 (157–914) | 378 (303 to 471) | 204 (78–413) | 49.39 |
| Neuropathy | 1102 (691 to 1628) | 564 (208–1441) | 474 (277 to 718) | 258 (97–512) | 42.99 |
| Nephropathy | 1692 (1253 to 2255) | 891 (441–2213) | 789 (580 to 1026) | 456 (232–953) | 46.66 |
| Diabetic foot | 5207 (2067 to 9647) | 3506 (1839–5417) | 1515 (723 to 2336) | 1410 (753–2130) | 29.10 |
| Unspecified | 977 (706 to 1272) | 578 (215–1342) | 435(284 to 618) | 176(58–602) | 44.55 |
| Test for complications | χ2 =56.25, p<0.001 | χ2 =22.53, p=0.002 | |||
Only patients without any complication or those with one category of complication have been included in this table. A total of 2340 patients who did not have T2DM-related insurance claims were treated as US$0.0015 in calculation. P value was estimated by GLM regression with adjustments for age, sex, insurance type, education, income, occupation, T2DM duration and mortality.
GLM, generalised linear model; OOP, out-of-pocket; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.