Table 3.
The impacts of complication type and socioeconomic factors on direct medical costs
| Variable | Inpatient | Outpatient | ||
| Total costs | OOP costs | Total costs | OOP costs | |
| N | 1419 | 1419 | 16 275 | 16 275 |
| Constant | 8.6592 (0.1379)** | 7.0971 (0.1460)** | 6.7392 (0.0572)** | 5.5476 (0.0786)** |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 0.2686 (0.0462)** | 0.2945 (0.0493)** | 0.0530 (0.0183)** | 0.0877 (0.0251)** |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <50 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 50–70 | 0.1554 (0.0674)* | 0.1535 (0.0710)* | −0.0357 (0.0269) | −0.0382 (0.0369) |
| ≥70 | 0.1862 (0.0738)* | 0.1585 (0.0777)* | −0.0510 (0.0293) | −0.0612 (0.0402) |
| Education level | ||||
| No formal school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Primary school | 0.1580 (0.0531)** | 0.1657 (0.0560)** | 0.0810 (0.0204)** | 0.0662 (0.0280)* |
| Middle school or higher | 0.1390 (0.0698)* | 0.1840 (0.0745)* | 0.1523 (0.0275)** | 0.1460 (0.378)** |
| Unspecified | −0.0672 (0.1013) | −0.0724 (0.1068) | −0.0085 (0.0417) | 0.0158 (0.0576) |
| Income (US$ per month) | ||||
| <231 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 231–461 | −0.1566 (0.0994) | −0.1012 (0.1050) | 0.0215 (0.0433) | −0.0181 (0.0593) |
| ≥462 | −0.0108 (0.1031) | 0.0523 (0.1084) | 0.0473 (0.0433) | 0.0105 (0.0611) |
| Unspecified | −0.0599 (0.1172) | 0.0483 (0.1243) | 0.0413 (0.0495) | −0.0303 (0.0679) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Farmer | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Worker | −0.0906 (0.0711) | 0.0157 (0.0754) | 0.1265 (0.0260)** | 0.1623 (0.0356)** |
| Retired/housework | 0.0552 (0.0658) | −0.0540 (0.0681) | 0.0948 (0.0273)** | 0.0027 (0.0366) |
| Others | 0.0275 (0.0712) | 0.0930 (0.0753) | 0.1211 (0.0271)** | 0.1166 (0.0372)** |
| Insurance type | ||||
| UEBMI | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| URBMI | −0.1778 (0.0593)** | 0.4658 (0.0619)** | 0.3165 (0.0245)** | 0.8070 (0.0333)** |
| T2DM duration (years) | ||||
| <5 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 5–9 | 0.1161 (0.0481)* | 0.0939 (0.0507) | 0.3044 (0.0182)** | 0.2601 (0.0249)** |
| ≥10 | 0.3132 (0.0603)** | 0.2668 (0.0630)** | 0.6406 (0.0290)** | 0.6264 (0.0397)** |
| Mortality | 0.5710 (0.0899)** | 0.4901 (0.0957)** | −0.6060 (0.0681)** | −0.4539 (0.0934)** |
| Complications | 0.8355 (0.0441)** | 0.8370 (0.0467)** | 0.3846 (0.0262)** | 0.6218 (0.0359)** |
| Acute complications | 1.1675 (0.2756)** | 1.4690 (0.2961)** | 0.8686 (0.3812)* | 1.0568 (0.5226)* |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.8612 (0.0604)** | 0.9901 (0.0640)** | 0.2663 (0.0377)** | 0.4706 (0.0517)** |
| Stroke | 0.8630 (0.0527)** | 0.7471 (0.0552)** | 0.3331 (0.0396)** | 0.6008 (0.0544)** |
| Retinopathy | 0.5170 (0.1892)** | 0.7854 (0.2001)** | 0.7780 (0.0936)** | 0.9951 (0.1283)** |
| Neuropathy | 0.5186 (0.2310)* | 0.5111 (0.2441)* | 0.4760 (0.1801)** | 0.5851 (0.2468)* |
| Nephropathy | 0.5293 (0.1545)** | 0.6754 (0.1637)** | 0.9686 (0.1458)** | 1.4092 (0.1999)** |
| Diabetic foot | 1.4080 (0.3598)** | 0.8875 (0.3786)* | 0.4677 (0.5389) | 0.6789 (0.7389) |
| Unspecified | 0.4844 (0.1796)** | 0.6110 (0.1900)** | 0.6345 (0.1293)** | 0.7531 (0.1774)** |
Data, patients with one category complication and those without any complication in 2015. Econometric model: GLM regression with total costs and OOP costs as the dependent variable for inpatient admissions and outpatient visits, respectively. A total of 1219 patients who spent US$0 for OOP costs were treated as US$0.0015 in GLM regression. The numbers in the table are GLM regression coefficients. SEs in parentheses. *P<0.05; **P<0.01.
GLM, generalised linear model; OOP, out-of-pocket; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; UEBMI, Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance; URBMI, Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance.