Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort by the 6 CKD/AKI groups
| Characteristics | no-CKD/no-AKI n = 598 | no-CKD/AKI 1 n = 363 | no-CKD/AKI≥2 n = 460 | CKD/no-AKI n = 537 | CKD/AKI 1 n = 364 | CKD/AKI ≥2 n = 310 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, yr | 61.8 ± 16.5 | 64.4 ± 16.0a | 61.2 ± 15.3 | 70.5 ± 14.6b,c | 70.8 ± 14.3b,c | 66.9 ± 14.1b,c,d |
| Men, % | 55.9 | 60.1 | 56.5 | 45.1b,c | 46.4a,c | 58.1e |
| African American, % | 41.5 | 43.8 | 50.3a,d | 33.1a,f | 34.9a,f | 43.2d,f |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Baseline sCr, μmol/l | 80 (71–97) | 88 (71–97)a | 80 (62–97) | 141 (115–186)b,c | 133 (115–168)b,c | 150 (124–221)b,c |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 84.5 (70.8–105.1) | 80.7 (69.1–94.9)a | 88.1 (70.8–110.5) | 41.5 (30.3–50.6)b,c | 44.7 (37.4–51.3)b,c | 39.6 (28.1–50.7)b,c |
| Diabetes, % | 17.1 | 23.1a | 18.0 | 25.7b,c | 26.4b | 25.2a,f |
| Systolic heart failure, % | 3.0 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 4.1 | 5.2f |
| Anemia, % | 85.5 | 82.4 | 89.7a | 86.4 | 90.0a,f | 88.3 |
| Drug exposure | ||||||
| Diureticsg, % | 39.5 | 53.2b | 40.4 | 48.6a,f | 55.8b | 47.4a,f |
| Statinsg, % | 26.8 | 30.6 | 19.8a,d | 35.9b,c | 42.9b,c | 30.0f |
| Iodine contrastg, % | 34.3 | 33.6 | 20.4b,e | 21.2b,c | 15.9b,c | 14.8b,d,f |
| Aminoglycosidesg, % | 11.5 | 12.4 | 11.5 | 6.5a,f | 6.3a,f | 6.1a,f |
| Critical illness indicators | ||||||
| Oliguria, % | 3.3 | 5.7 | 21.8b,e | 5.4 | 9.3b | 32.2b,e,f |
| CFB at 72 h, L | 2.8 ± 5.4 | 3.5 ± 6.6 | 7.3 ± 7.7b,e | 2.8 ± 5.6 | 2.6 ± 6.0 | 6.1 ± 8.5b,e,f |
| LOS, d | 12 (7–22) | 11 (6–18)a | 13 (7–24) | 12 (7–20)a,f | 11 (6–18)b | 15 (7–26)d |
| Pressors or inotropesg, % | 28.8 | 34.4 | 51.3b,e | 27.7 | 35.4a | 50.3b,e |
| Mechanical ventilation, % | 38.1 | 43.0 | 52.6b,e | 35.6 | 40.1 | 48.4a,e |
| RBC transfusiong, % | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 2.9 |
| APACHE II | 11.2 ± 6.2 | 12.2 ± 6.2a | 14.3 ± 7.2b,e | 12.3 ± 5.9a,f | 13.4 ± 6.5b,f | 15.6 ± 7.8b,f,e |
| Nonrenal SOFA | 3 (1–6) | 4 (2–7)b | 6 (3–9)b,e | 4 (2–6)a,f | 4 (2–7)b | 6 (3–10)b,e |
APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; CFB, cumulative fluid balance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LOS, length of stay in the hospital; RBC, red blood cell; sCr, serum creatinine; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (25th–75th percentile), or percentage. APACHE II and nonrenal SOFA scores were calculated with data from the first 24 hours of ICU stay.
Significant difference (P < 0.05) relative to reference group no-CKD/no-AKI.
Significant difference (P < 0.001) relative to reference group no-CKD/no-AKI.
Significant difference (P < 0.001) between the CKD group and the correspondent no-CKD group with the same AKI status (CKD/no-AKI vs. no-CKD/no-AKI; CKD/AKI 1 vs. no-CKD/AKI 1; CKD/AKI ≥2 vs. no-CKD/AKI ≥2).
Significant P for trend (P < 0.05) across the different AKI status groups, either in no-CKD or CKD (trend across no-CKD/no-AKI, no-CKD/AKI 1 and no-CKD/AKI ≥2 or across CKD/no-AKI, CKD/AKI 1 and CKD/AKI ≥2).
Significant P for trend (P < 0.001, respectively) across the different AKI status groups, either in no-CKD or CKD (trend across no-CKD/no-AKI, no-CKD/AKI 1 and no-CKD/AKI ≥2 or across CKD/no-AKI, CKD/AKI 1 and CKD/AKI ≥2).
Significant difference (P < 0.05) between the CKD group and the correspondent no-CKD group with the same AKI status (CKD/no-AKI vs. no-CKD/no-AKI; CKD/AKI 1 vs. no-CKD/AKI 1; CKD/AKI ≥2 vs. no-CKD/AKI ≥2).
Exposure to drugs/RBC transfusions was based on the first 72 hours of intensive care unit admission.