Fig. 4.

Possible mechanisms for the increase of toxic IAPP oligomers in β-cells in diabetic subjects. In β-cells of non-diabetic subjects with less common genetic variants and clinical risk factors of T2D, production of IAPP molecules and oligomers, including toxic IAPP oligomers, might be low. In β-cells of diabetic subjects with more common genetic variants and clinical risk factors of T2D, production of IAPP molecules and oligomers, including toxic IAPP oligomers, is largely influenced by the risk factors of T2D, including T2D susceptibility genes, aging, obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. See Table 1