Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants (n = 184)
| n (%) or mean ± SD | |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 146 (79.3) |
| Female | 38 (20.7) |
| Age (years) | 57.3 ± 5.8 |
| Employment status | |
| Full- or part-time | 140 (76.1) |
| Unemployed | 44 (23.9) |
| Education | |
| High school or less | 62 (33.7) |
| College or more | 121 (65.2) |
| No answer | 2 (1.1) |
| Living situation | |
| Living with family | 154 (83.7) |
| Living alone | 30 (16.3) |
| Treatment | |
| Diet and physical activity | 29 (15.8) |
| Tablets | 124 (67.4) |
| Insulin | 31 (16.8) |
| Duration of disease (years) | 12.0 ± 8.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 4.4 |
| HbA1c | 7.4 ± 1.2 |
| Diabetic nephropathya | |
| Stage 1 (pre-nephropathy) | 127 (69.0) |
| Stage 2 (incipient nephropathy) | 36 (19.6) |
| Stage 3 (overt nephropathy) | 21 (11.4) |
SD standard deviation
aAccording to the Joint Committee on Diabetic Nephropathy