Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in the six groups according to DM and smoking status
| NDM and never smoker (n = 185) | NDM and ex-smoker (n = 151) | NDM and current smoker (n = 393) | DM and never smoker (n = 15) | DM and ex-smoker (n = 21) | DM and current smoker (n = 29) | p value‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.9 ± 11.6 | 63.6 ± 12.5 | 57.8 ± 12.5* | 65.9 ± 10.6 | 65.1 ± 11.8 | 64.7 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 2.9 | 23.6 ± 3.2 | 23.0 ± 3.1 | 24.4 ± 2.6 | 23.3 ± 2.4 | 24.2 ± 4.0 | 0.06 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133.7 ± 17.1 | 136.3 ± 19.2 | 131.2 ± 18.6 | 143.3 ± 18.6 | 142.4 ± 15.2 | 134.4 ± 19.7 | 0.003 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.5 ± 9.2 | 79.8 ± 9.6 | 77.6 ± 9.4 | 77.1 ± 7.5 | 81.9 ± 9.5 | 78.5 ± 8.6 | 0.045 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 0.199 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 8.4 ± 3.0* | 8.1 ± 2.5* | 8.0 ± 3.0* | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking | <0.001 | ||||||
| Never drinker (%) | 31.4 | 20.5 | 18.1 | 33.3 | 28.6 | 31.0 | |
| Ex-drinker (%) | 5.4 | 17.2 | 8.4 | 6.7 | 38.1 | 3.4 | |
| Current drinker (%) | 63.2 | 62.3 | 73.5 | 60.0 | 33.3 | 65.5 | |
| Medication for hypertension (%) | 15.1 | 21.9 | 17.6 | 20.0 | 14.3 | 24.1 | 0.576 |
| Medication for hypercholesterolemia (%) | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.297 |
| Medication on DM (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 73.3 | 66.7 | 69.0 | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SD
DM type 2 diabetes, NDM non-DM, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, FPG fasting plasma glucose
* p < 0.05, vs. NDM and never smoker, Dunett’s test
‡Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s exact test were used for mean comparison and frequency comparison, respectively