Table 2.
Changes in contents (µg/g) of phenolic compounds in formic acid and HCl-methanol extracts of the cereal grain samples.
| Grains/Compounds | Malting Period (h) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15% Formic Acid-Methanol | 1% HCl-Methanol | ||||||||||
| 0 | 24 | 48 | 72 | 96 | 0 | 24 | 48 | 72 | 96 | ||
| Dark brown finger millet | |||||||||||
| PA | 7.3 ± 0.1 a | 6.7 ± 0.2 b | 5.9 ± 0.0 c | 4.9 ± 0.2 d | 4.4 ± 0.1 e | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| CA | 25.9 ± 0.4 a | 24.8 ± 0.6 a | 25.0 ± 0.5 a | 23.2 ± 0.6 b | 22.1 ± 0.0 b | 10.4 ± 0.6 a | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| ECA | 16.2 ± 0.1 a | 14.7 ± 0.3 b | 13.8 ± 0.3 b | 11.5 ± 0.9 c | 11.3 ± 0.2 c | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| QE | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 46.7 ± 2.9 a | 41.7 ± 1.3 b | 23.3 ± 1.6 c | 25.1 ± 2.8 c | 27.8 ± 1.9 c | |
| Hp | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 96.3 ± 13.8 a | 9.2 ± 3.7 b | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| PAC A1 | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| PAC A2 | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| Total | 49.4 ± 0.6 | 46.2 ± 1.1 | 44.7 ± 0.8 | 39.6 ± 1.7 | 37.8 ± 0.3 | 153.4 ± 17.3 | 50.9 ± 5.0 | 23.3 ± 1.6 | 25.1 ± 2.8 | 27.8 ± 1.9 | |
| Brown finger millet | |||||||||||
| PA | 14.8 ± 0.0 a | 4.3 ± 0.1 b | 2.8 ± 0.0 c | 4.7 ± 0.1 d | 4.6 ± 0.2 d | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| CA | 27.9 ± 0.3 a | 20.7 ± 0.4 b | 17.9 ± 0.4 c | 20.9 ± 0.1 b | 21.9 ± 0.0 d | 1.4 ± 0.0 a | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| ECA | 17.4 ± 0.8 a | 9.8 ± 0.4 b | 7.7 ± 0.1 c | 10.4 ± 0.2 b | 10.4 ± 0.1 b | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| QE | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 66.2 ± 4.4 a | 54.2 ± 1.8 a | 43.6 ± 4.9 a | 42.1 ± 2.4 a | 38.9 ± 5.7 a | |
| TX | 0.4 ± 0.3 a | 0.11 ± 0.03 a | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| Hp | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 96.7 ± 35.7 a | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| PAC A1 | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| PAC A2 | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| Total | 60.5 ± 1.4 | 34.9 ± 0.9 | 28.4 ± 0.5 | 36.00 ± 0.40 | 36.9 ± 0.3 | 164.3 ± 40.1 | 54.2 ± 1.8 | 43.6 ± 4.9 | 42.1 ± 2.4 a | 38.9 ± 5.7 a | |
| Sorghum | |||||||||||
| PA | 5.0 ± 0.5 a | 2.1 ± 0.0 b | 1.9 ± 0.0 b | 3.2 ± 0.03 c | 3.2 ± 0.1 c | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| CA | 0.6 ± 0.0 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.4 ± 0.0 c | 24.6 ± 5.8 a | 9.2 ± 2.3 b | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| ECA | 2.9 ± 0.2 a | 3.9 ± 0.0 b,d | 3.8 ± 0.0 b | 4.4 ± 0.08 c | 4.3 ± 0.0 c,d | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| QE | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 84.9 ± 5.6 a | 63.4 ± 1.7 b | 41.9 ± 3.5 c | 37.0 ± 1.9 c | 23.1 ± 1.9 d | |
| TX | 3.4 ± 0.9 a | 4.5 ± 1.2 b,c | 4.1 ± 1.0 b | 4.7 ± 0.7 b,c | 4.6 ± 0.7 b,c | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| Hp | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 1636.9 ± 241.4 a | 1210.0 ± 256.0 b | 244.5 ± 87.8 c | 52.50 ± 15.2 d | 32.9± 8.4 e | |
| PAC A1 | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 22.1 ± 3.3 a | 13.5 ± 8.3 a | Nd | Nd | Nd | |
| PAC A2 | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 26.9 ± 4.5 a | 20.5 ± 6.8 a | 4.2 ± 0.0 b | Nd | Nd | |
| Total | 8.5 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 0.0 | 6.0 ± 0.0 | 7.9 ± 0.12 | 7.9 ± 0.1 | 1795.4 ± 260.6 | 1316.6 ± 275.1 | 290.6 ± 91.3 | 89.5 ± 17.1 | 56.0 ± 10.3 | |
PA, protocatechuic acid; CA, (+)-catechin; ECA, (−)-epicatechin; QE, quercetin; TX, taxifolin; Hp, hesperitin; PAC A1, proanthocyanidin A1; PAC A2, proanthocyanidin A2; nd, not detected; values given are the mean of triplicate experiments; mean values in a row with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05.