Table 4.

Defense mechanism induced by melatonin against biotic stresses in different plants.

Crop	Pathogen	Concentration	Beneficial Functions	Reference
Apple	Diplocarpon mali	0.1 mM	Improved resistance to apple blotch disease	[129]
Arabidopsis	Pseudomonas syringae	10 μM	Increased the resistance by suppressing the bacterium about 10-fold	[19]
Arabidopsis	Pseudomonas syringae	10 μM	Alternatively, increased the resistance by triggering the level of endogenous salicylic acid.	[20]
Banana	Fusarium oxysporum	100 μM	Induce resistance in banana against the pathogen attack	[135]
Lupinus albus	Penicillium spp.	70 μM	Enhanced resistance against the fungal pathogen	[14]
Potato	Phytophthora infestans	5 mM	Inhibited the potato late blight disease by arresting the mycelial growth	[136]
Strawberry	Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer	1000 μmol/L	Attenuating fungal decay and maintaining nutritional quality of strawberry fruits	[90]
Tobacco	Pseudomonas syringae	10 μM	Increased the resistance by suppressing the bacterium about 10-fold	[19]