Table 2.
Common phenolic acids and flavonoids in honeys.
| Presence of Phenolic Compounds in Different Honeys | ||
|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | ||
| Apigenin | C15H10O5 | AH, TH, STH |
| Catechin | C15H14O6 | TH, PH |
| Chrysin | C15H10O4 | MH, AH, TH, HH, THH, RH |
| Galangin | C15H10O5 | MH, AH, STH, HH |
| Genistein | C15H10O5 | AH |
| Isorhamnetin | C16H12O7 | MH |
| Kaempferol | C15H10O6 | MH, AH, TH, STH, THH, RH |
| Luteolin | C15H10O6 | MH, AH, TH, STH, THH, RH |
| Myricetin | C15H10O8 | AH, HH, THH |
| Pinobanksin | C15H12O5 | MH, AH, STH, RH |
| Pinocembrin | C15H12O4 | MH, AH, STH, RH |
| Quercetin | C15H10O7 | MH, AH, CH, THH |
| Rutin | C27H30O16 | STH |
| Phenolic Acids | ||
| 2-cis,4-trans Abscisic acid | C15H20O4 | STH |
| 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid | C9H8O3 | TH |
| Caffeic acid | C9H8O4 | MH, AH, TH, THH |
| Chlorogenic acid | C16H18O9 | AH, HH, THH |
| Cinnamic acid | C9H8O2 | TH, STH, CH, HH, THH |
| Ellagic acid | C14H6O8 | HH |
| Ferulic acid | C10H10O4 | MH, AH, HH, THH |
| Gallic acid | C7H6O5 | MH, AH, TH, HH, THH, PH |
| p-Coumaric acid | C9H8O3 | MH, AH, TH, HH, THH, RH, PH |
| p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | C7H6O3 | CH, HH |
| Protocatechuic acid | C7H6O4 | HH, PH |
| Sinapic acid | C11H12O5 | HH |
| Syringic acid | C9H10O5 | MH, AH, TH, STH, HH, THH |
| Vanillic acid | C8H8O4 | AH, HH |
Manuka Honey (MH); Acacia Honey (AH); Tualang Honey (TH); Strawberry Tree Honey (STH); Clover Honey (CH); Heather Honey (HH); Thyme Honey (THH); Rosemary Honey (RH); Pine Honey.