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. 2018 Nov 2;9:935. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00935

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Copyright © 2018 Rocchi, Suppa, Leodori, Celletti, Camerota, Rothwell and Berardelli.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graphical representation of putative spinal circuits responsible for fMV-induced after effects on HR and RI. (A) Spinal circuits modulated by FCR-, BB-, and APB-fMV. Ia afferents from FCR, BB, and APB muscle spindles have homonymous and heteronymous connections (black synaptic boutons) with α-motoneurons (MNs) innervating the FCR muscle. fMV applied over FCR, BB and APB produces a long-term decrease in HR amplitude through a synaptic LTD-like mechanism (white synaptic boutons). (B) Spinal circuits modulated by fMV applied over the ECR muscle. fMV induces a form of long-term inhibitory plasticity at the synapse between Ia afferents from ECR and Ia inhibitory interneurons (black circle) mediating the first phase of RI (I), and between Ia afferent and the excitatory interneuron (white circle) in the proximal part of the chain responsible for the second phase of RI (II).