Table 2.
End of trial means of metabolic characteristic across the study groups
| Variables | Groups (n = 141) | P valueg | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vit D (n = 24)a | Vita D + PA (n = 21)b | Vit C (n = 26)c | Vit C + PA (n = 23)d | Placebo (n = 25)e | Placebo + PA (n = 22)f | ||
| Weight (kg) | 84.9 ± 16.7 | 79 ± 11 | 79.5 ± 12.9 | 77.9 ± 13.4 | 82.3 ± 13.8 | 73.6 ± 12.5 | .124 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.3 ± 6 | 32.2 ± 4 | 311.4 ± 6 | 31.7 ± 5.6 | 32.8 ± 4.2 | 29.7 ± 4.7 | .231 |
| WC (cm) | 109.1 ± 8.2 | 107.2 ± 7.5 | 107 ± 9.9 | 103.6 ± 8.4 | 106.2 ± 9.7 | 107.9 ± 10.4 | .442 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 97.8 ± 7.7 | 97.7 ± 8.7 | 105 ± 13.3 | 100.7 ± 8.4 | 108 ± 19.2 | 98.9 ± 10.7 | .012 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 121.3 ± 9.2 | 126.2 ± 8.9 | 129.2 ± 8.6 | 173 ± 252.4 | 126.6 ± 12 | 123 ± 12 | .514 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.1 ± 5.8 | 81.7 ± 5.3 | 81.9 ± 5 | 79.6 ± 4.5 | 81.6 ± 6.7 | 80.2 ± 6.7 | .643 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 160.5 ± 33.4 | 81.7 ± 31.3 | 180.2 ± 31.9 | 175.1 ± 29.9 | 196.8 ± 39.4 | 184.8 ± 28.1 | .009 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 233.8 ± 97 | 178 ± 80.8 | 246.1 ± 90.3 | 151.2 ± 53.8 | 158.6 ± 35.4 | 155.6 ± 57.7 | .001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 107 ± 36.6 | 138.3 ± 31.4 | 124.3 ± 39.6 | 134.5 ± 28.2 | 158.8 ± 39 | 145.8 ± 30.2 | .001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 33.7 ± 10.6 | 39.1 ± 10 | 33.2 ± 10.1 | 51.9 ± 20.6 | 31.8 ± 7.1 | 38.9 ± 9.8 | .001 |
| Vit D (ng/mL) | 23.2 ± 4.9 | 29 ± 5.5 | – | – | 12.6 ± 4 | 18.9 ± 4.5 | .001 |
| Vit C (ng/mL) | – | – | 1.4 ± .3 | 1.7 ± .3 | .9 ± .4 | 1.1 ± .3 | .001 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD)
PA, physical activity; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumferences; FPG, fasting blood sugar; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
aReceiving 2000 IU vitamin D per day
bReceiving 2000 IU vitamin D per day plus 30 min endurance physical activity
cReceiving 500 mg vitamin C per day
dReceiving 500 mg vitamin C per day plus 30 min endurance physical activity
eReceiving one placebo per day
fReceiving one placebo per day plus 30 min endurance physical activity
gObtained from ANOVA or Chi square test, where appropriate