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. 2018 Nov 8;10:80. doi: 10.1186/s13098-018-0384-8

Table 4.

Multiple comparison of BMI, WC, TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C across the study groups

Multiple comparisons: Tukey HSD
Dependent variables Mean difference (I–J) Std. error Sig. 95% confidence interval Mean difference (I–J) Std. error Sig. 95% confidence interval
(I) Group (J) Group Lower bound Upper bound Lower bound Upper bound
Changes in BMI Change in WC
  Vit Da Vit D + PA 1.4* .45 .029 .09 2.72 1.19 .99 .831 − 1.6 4.07
Vit C .74 .43 .512 − .50 1.99 1.18 .94 .802 − 1.5 3.91
Vit C + PA .79 .44 .473 − .48 2.08 4.17* .97 .001 1.3 6.98
Placebo .16 .43 .991 − 1.09 1.42 1.35 .95 .714 − 1.3 4.11
Placebo + PAf .63 .44 .722 − .66 1.93 3.54* .98 .006 .70 6.39
  Vit Cc Vit D + PA .66 .44 .675 − .63 1.95 .007 .97 1.01 − 2.8 2.83
Vit C + PA .05 .43 1.04 − 1.20 1.31 2.98* .95 .021 .22 5.74
Placebo − .57 .42 .755 − 1.81 .65 .16 .93 1.03 − 2.52 2.86
Placebo + PA − .11 .44 1.01 − 1.38 1.16 2.36 .96 .142 − .43 5.15
  Vit D + PAb Vit C + PA − .60 .45 .772 − 1.93 .72 2.97* 1.00 .041 .07 5.88
Placebo − 1.23 .45 .074 − 2.54 .06 .16 .98 1.01 − 2.68 3.01
Placebo + PA − .77 .46 .551 − 2.11 .56 2.35 1.01 .192 − .58 5.29
  Vit C + PAd Placebo − .63 .43 .705 − 1.90 .64 − 2.81* .96 .041 − 5.60 − .034
Placebo + PA − .16 .45 .998 − 1.47 1.14 − .62 .99 .987 − 3.49 2.24
  Placeboe Placebo + PA .46 .44 .901 − .82 1.75 2.19 .97 .221 − .62 5.00
 Change in TC  Change in TG
  Vit Da Vit D + PA − .047 8.33 1.00 − 24.15 24.05 10.96 11.48 .931 − 22.23 44.16
Vit C − 18.38 7.89 .190 − 41.21 4.44 26.86 10.87 .141 − 4.59 58.31
Vit C + PA − 9.86 8.14 .830 − 33.40 13.66 29.52 11.21 .096 − 2.89 61.95
Placebo − 23.92* 7.97 .037 − 46.97 − .86 − 6.64 10.98 .990 − 38.40 25.10
Placebo + PAf − 3.72 8.23 .998 − 27.53 20.08 10.67 11.34 .935 − 22.12 43.47
  Vit Cc Vit D + PA 18.33 8.18 .227 − 5.33 42.00 − 15.89 11.27 .721 − 48.49 16.70
Vit C + PA 8.51 7.98 .894 − 14.57 31.60 2.66 11.00 1.00 − 29.14 34.47
Placebo − 5.53 7.81 .981 − 28.13 17.059 − 33.51* 10.76 .027 − 64.63 − 2.38
Placebo + PA 14.65 8.08 .461 − 8.71 38.02 − 16.18 11.13 .694 − 48.37 16.00
  Vit D + PAb Vit C + PA − 9.82 8.42 .852 − 34.16 14.52 18.56 11.60 .600 − 14.97 52.09
Placebo − 23.8* 8.25 .050 − 47.74 .005 − 17.61 11.37 .634 − 50.50 15.27
Placebo + PA − 3.67 8.51 .998 − 28.28 20.92 − .29 11.72 1.00 − 34.19 33.60
  Vit C + PAd Placebo − 14.05 8.06 .506 − 37.35 9.25 − 36.17* 11.10 .017 − 68.28 − 4.07
Placebo + PA 6.14 8.32 .977 − 17.91 30.19 − 18.85 11.46 .571 − 51.98 14.28
  Placeboe Placebo + PA 20.19 8.15 .139 − 3.38 43.77 17.32 11.23 .638 − 15.15 49.80
 Change in LDL-C  Change in HDL-C
  Vit Da Vit D + PA − 2.36 8.68 1.00 − 27.46 22.74 .60 4.03 1.00 − 11.07 12.27
Vit C − 23.47* 8.22 .055 − 47.25 .30 − 1.39 3.82 .992 − 12.45 9.66
Vit C + PA − 12.65 8.47 .669 − 37.17 11.85 − 15.57* 3.94 .002 − 26.97 − 4.17
Placebo − 21.99 8.30 .093 − 46.00 2.01 − 2.96 3.86 .972 − 14.13 8.19
Placebo + PAf − 5.99 8.57 .982 − 30.79 18.79 .68 3.98 1.00 − 10.84 12.22
  Vit Cc Vit D + PA 21.11 8.52 .138 − 3.53 45.76 2.0 3.96 .994 − 9.46 13.46
Vit C + PA 10.81 8.31 .784 − 13.23 34.86 − 14.18* 3.86 .005 − 25.36 − 2.99
Placebo 1.481 8.13 1.00 − 22.05 25.01 − 1.57 3.78 .998 − 12.51 9.37
Placebo + PA 17.47 8.41 .306 − 6.85 41.81 2.08 3.91 .995 − 9.23 13.40
  Vit D + PAb Vit C + PA − 10.29 8.77 .848 − 35.65 15.05 − 16.18* 4.07 .002 − 27.97 − 4.38
Placebo − 19.63 8.60 .208 − 44.50 5.23 − 3.57 4.00 .941 − 15.13 7.99
Placebo + PA − 3.63 8.86 .998 − 29.26 21.99 .083 4.12 1.00 − 11.83 12.00
  Vit C + PAd Placebo − 9.33 8.39 .876 − 33.61 14.93 12.60* 3.90 .012 1.31 23.89
Placebo + PA 6.65 8.66 .972 − 18.39 31.71 16.26* 4.03 .001 4.61 27.91
  Placeboe Placebo + PA 15.99 8.49 .417 − 8.56 40.55 3.65 3.95 .931 − 7.76 15.07

Data are mean ± standard Error (SE)

PA, physical activity; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumferences; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level

aReceiving 2000 IU vitamin D per day

bReceiving 2000 IU vitamin D per day plus 30 min endurance physical activity

cReceiving 500 mg vitamin C per day

dReceiving 500 mg vitamin C per day plus 30 min endurance physical activity

eReceiving one placebo per day

fReceiving one placebo per day plus 30 min endurance physical activity

gObtained from ANOVA, Tukey method