Table 3.
Odds ratio of adjusted binary logistic regression showing fixed effects on the likelihood of skilled assistance
| Characteristic predicting skilled assistance | Model 1 (Wald χ2 = 288.3; p < 0.001) |
Model 2 (Wald χ2 = 333.4; p < 0.001) |
Model 3 (Wald χ2 = 367.9; p < 0.001) |
Model 4 (Wald χ2 = 474.9; p < 0.001) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
| Maternal education | ||||||||
| NoneRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Primary | 1.994* | 1.623–2.450 | 1.481* | 1.215–1.806 | 1.205 | 0.996–1.458 | ||
| Secondary | 3839* | 2.583–5.706 | 2.703* | 2.120–3.447 | 1.840* | 1.464–2.313 | ||
| Higher | 4.131* | 3.184–5.358 | 13.114* | 7.533–22.831 | 5.793* | 3.474–9.660 | ||
| Parity | ||||||||
| PrimiparityRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Multiparity | 0.538* | 0.440–0.657 | 0.532* | 0.437–0.648 | 0.575* | 0.476–0.695 | ||
| Grand multiparity | 0.518* | 0.420–0.640 | 0.506* | 0.411–0.624 | 0.564* | 0.462–0.689 | ||
| Age at first marriage (years) | ||||||||
| 14 years or lessRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 15–19 years | 0.843 | 0.654–1.086 | 0.839 | 0.654–1.077 | 0.811 | 0.635–1.035 | ||
| 20–24 years | 1.104 | 0.840–1.453 | 1.044 | 0.798–1.366 | 0.981 | 0.755–1.275 | ||
| 25 years or older | 1.121 | 0.800–1.571 | 1.033 | 0.743–1.437 | 0.945 | 0.685–1.304 | ||
| Employment Status | ||||||||
| UnemployedRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Unemployment | 1.169 | 0.991–1.378 | 1.094 | 0.931–1.286 | 1.033 | 0.883–1.208 | ||
| Religion | ||||||||
| ChristianityRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Islam | 0.317* | 0.237–0.423 | 0.741** | 0.560–0.982 | 0.750** | 0.577–0.974 | ||
| Traditional/others | 0.354** | 0.188–0.664 | 0.558 | 0.299–1.040 | 0.712 | 0.390–1.300 | ||
| Healthcare Decision | ||||||||
| No ParticipationRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Participation | 1.435* | 1.215–1.693 | 1.290** | 1.100–1.513 | 1.213** | 1.041–1.413 | ||
| Access to mass media | ||||||||
| NoneRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Moderate | 1.138 | 0.932–1.388 | 1.039 | 0.856–1.260 | 0.934 | 0.774–1.127 | ||
| High | 1.817* | 1.506–2.193 | 1.562* | 1.304–1.871 | 1.255** | 1.055–1.494 | ||
| Means of Transportation | ||||||||
| None/animal cartRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Boat/canoe | 0.513** | 0.293–0.900 | 0.386* | 0.226–0.659 | 0.392* | 0.234–0.659 | ||
| Bicycle | 0.966 | 0.748–1.249 | 1.028 | 0.800–1.321 | 1.052 | 0.824–1.341 | ||
| Motorcycle/scooter | 1.425* | 1.207–1.683 | 1.383* | 1.177–1.626 | 1.222** | 1.046–1.429 | ||
| Car/truck | 2.169* | 1.566–3.003 | 1.984* | 1.447–2.719 | 1.438** | 1.055–1.960 | ||
| Community childcare burden | ||||||||
| LowRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Medium | 0.886 | 0.623–1.260 | 1.071 | 0.759–1.511 | 1.079 | 0.796–1.462 | ||
| High | 0.752 | 0.505–1.116 | 0.936 | 0.635–1.380 | 0.978 | 0.694–1.378 | ||
| Community literacy level | ||||||||
| LowRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Medium | 0.208* | 0.136–0.319 | 0.389* | 0.256–0.591 | 0.489* | 0.339–0.706 | ||
| High | 0.072* | 0.040–0.128 | 0.170* | 0.095–0.302 | 0.346* | 0.208–0.575 | ||
| Community poverty level | ||||||||
| LowRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Medium | 0.382* | 0.252–0.579 | 0.447* | 0.299–0.670 | 0.602** | 0.421–0.860 | ||
| High | 0.159* | 0.090–0.282 | 0.213* | 0.122–0.370 | 0.402* | 0.241–0.670 | ||
| Proportion employed outside agriculture | ||||||||
| LowRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Medium | 1.065 | 0.747–1.518 | 1.064 | 0.749–1.511 | 0.932 | 0.683–1.274 | ||
| High | 1.416 | 0.982–2.043 | 1.331 | 0.923–1.919 | 1.084 | 0.783–1.502 | ||
| Proportion who perceived distance as big problem | ||||||||
| LowRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| High | 2.774* | 1.999–3.850 | 2.433* | 1.770–3.345 | 1.815* | 1.374–2.397 | ||
| Geographic region | ||||||||
| NorthernRC | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Southern | 2.103* | 1.399–3.162 | 1.750** | 1.163–2.634 | 1.818** | 1.265–2.611 | ||
| Household wealth quintile | ||||||||
| PoorestRC | – | – | ||||||
| Poorer | 1.261 | 0.990–1.606 | ||||||
| Middle | 1.630** | 1.227–2.166 | ||||||
| Richer | 1.819** | 1.296–2.552 | ||||||
| Richest | 2.834* | 1.761–4.560 | ||||||
| Number of antenatal care visits | ||||||||
| NoneRC | – | – | ||||||
| 1–3 | 1.430 | 0.991–2.064 | ||||||
| 4+ | 2.602* | 1.803–3.756 | ||||||
| Timing of first antenatal visit | ||||||||
| 1st trimesterRC | – | – | ||||||
| 2nd trimester | 0.802** | 0.680–0.946 | ||||||
| 3rd trimester | 0.252* | 0.173–0.369 | ||||||
Notes: *p < 0.001, **p < 0.05