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. 2018 Nov 8;9:306. doi: 10.1186/s13287-018-1057-0

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Metformin induces MSC apoptosis. a Diabetic mice were administered with PBS or metformin by gavage for 4 weeks, and then all mice were sacrificed to isolate mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) for flow cytometry assay. b, c In vivo effects of metformin on mBMSCs. Compared with the PBS group, metformin decreased the number of mBMSCs (CD45−/CD105+/CD29+/Sca-1+). Lines in c represent the mean. **p < 0.01, by t test, n = 10. mBMSC, mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell. d, e Human umbilical cord MSC apoptosis ratio (annexin V+) induced by different concentrations of metformin at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. f, g Comparison of cell cycle distribution between the metformin group and control group by flow cytometry. In e, c, and g, **p < 0.01 by one-way ANOVA (n = 3 per group in d and f)