Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression – factors associated with chronic pain and severe pain
| Variables associated with Chronic pain | Variables associated with moderate pain | Variables associated with severe pain | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate [OR (95% CI)] | Multivariate [OR (95% CI)] | Multivariate [OR (95% CI)] | Multivariate [OR (95% CI)] | |
| BMI (Low-normal BMI reference category) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Overweight | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 1.30 (1.04–1.63)* | 1.09 (0.87–1.34) |
| Obesity | 1.97 (1.69–2.30) | 1.59 (1.33–1.91)** | 1.39 (1.02–1.89)* | 1.53 (1.17–2.01)** |
| Age (65–74 y, reference category) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 75–84 y | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | – | 1.11 (0.89–1.40) | 1.31 (1.05–1.63)* |
| 85+ y | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | – | 1.81 (1.26–2.60)** | 1.66 (1.22–2.25)** |
| Gender (1 = female) | 1.66 (1.50–1.84)** | 1.40 (1.24–1.58)** | 1.33 (1.06–1.67)* | – |
| Marital status (1 = married) | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | – | – | – |
| Education (College/university, reference category) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| 9-year Compulsory school | 1.32 (1.16–1.50)** | – | 1.47 (1.11–1.94)* | – |
| Upper secondary school | 1.13 (0.98–1.32) | – | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | – |
| Income per year (< 150,000 SEK, reference category) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| 150,001~ 220,000 | 0.83 (0.73–0.94)* | – | 0.78 (0.58–1.02) | – |
| > 220,000 | 0.64 (0.57–0.73)** | – | 0.70 (0.51–0.95)* | – |
| Smoking (never smoker, reference category) | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 |
| Ex-smoker, n % | 1.14 (1.02–1.27)* | 1.21 (1.07–1.38)* | – | 1.30 (1.05–1.60)* |
| Current smoker, n % | 1.13 (0.93–1.36) | 1.29 (1.04–1.59)* | – | 1.33 (0.93–1.91) |
| High alcohol consumption (1 = yes) | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | – | – | – |
| History of trauma or injury accident | 3.2 (2.60–3.94)** | 2.52 (1.99–3.19)** | – | – |
| Rheumatic diseases (1 = yes) | 5.92 (5.22–6.72)** | 5.21 (4.54–5.97)** | – | 1.34 (1.10–1.64)* |
| Cardiovascular diseases (1 = yes) | 1.35 (1.22–1.49)** | – | 1.36 (1.10–1.67)** | 1.33 (1.10–1.64)* |
| Respiratory diseases (1 = yes) | 1.82 (1.56–2.12)** | 1.34 (1.18–1.52)** | – | – |
| Gastrointestinal diseases (1 = yes) | 2.61 (2.35–3.16)** | 1.93 (1.64–2.27)** | – | – |
| Neurological diseases (1 = yes) | 1.71 (1.54–1.91)** | 1.34 (1.18–1.52)** | – | – |
| Urogenital diseases (1 = yes) | 1.53 (1.36–1.97)** | – | – | – |
| Metabolic diseases (1 = yes) | 1.59 (1.43–1.91)** | 1.27 (1.08–1.50)* | – | – |
| Cancer diagnosis (1 = yes) | 1.33 (1.07–1.57)* | – | – | – |
| Depression and/or anxiety (1 = yes) | 1.99 (1.61–2.45)** | 1.46 (1.14–1.86)* | – | 1.83 (1.32–2.53)** |
| Number of pain sites (NPS) | 1.11 (1.06–1.16)** | 1.1 (1.06–1.13)* | ||
| Model Nagelkerke R 2 | 0.236 | 0.086 | 0.08 | |
| Model Hosmer and Lemeshow test | x2 = 7.63, P = 0.47 | x2 = 10.40, P = 0.238 | x2 = 6.30, P = 0.613 | |
Note: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01