Table 1. Ethogram of the behaviors analyzed in the unsolvable problem task.

Behavior	Description
Experimenter zone	Dog’s head is within one body length of the experimenter
Owner zone	Dog’s head is within one body length of the owner
Experimenter gaze	The dog directs its eyes towards the face of the experimenter
Owner gaze	The dog directs its eyes towards the face of the owner
Experimenter physical contact	The dog is in physical contact with the experimenter
Owner physical contact	The dog is in physical contact with the owner
Duration test-setup	The duration of time (s) the dog’s head is within one body length of the test-setup

Note:

Duration and frequency of the behaviours were scored. Zone behaviours were mutually exclusive.