Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the systemic review in SSA, 2017
| Study | Country | Population characteristics | Setting | EPTB investigation | Study types | Date | Sample size or total included (HIV/AIDS) | Event |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ade et al43 | Benin | All EPTB and new PTB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | Hospital | As per national program | Retrospective cohort | January to December 2011 | 521 | 72 |
| Adejumo et al30 | Nigeria | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | UBTH | Diagnosed as per Nigerian national program | Retrospective review of treatment cards of patients | January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014 | 72 | 10 |
| Affusim et al29 | Nigeria | All HIV-positive TB patients, >18 years | Teaching hospital | As per national program | Cross-sectional | January to April 2007 | 330 | 21 |
| Agbor et al11 | Cameroon | All HIV/TB patients and inpatients, aged ≥15 years | Hospital | As per national program | Cross-sectional | January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2013 | 335 | 119 |
| Alemie and Gebreselassie18 | Ethiopia | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | Private health institution | As per national program | Cross-sectional | In the year 2008/2009 | 159 | 52 |
| Amare19 | Ethiopia | All children with TB aged <15 years with or without HIV | Private, public (primary, secondary, tertiary) | As per national TB program, for histological and radiological performance | Retrospective cohort | January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013 | 133 | 49 |
| Gebreegziabher et al20 | Ethiopia | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | 30 public health facilities | As per national guidelines | Retrospective cohort study | July 2007 and June 2012 | 753 | 249 |
| Daniel et al28 | Nigeria | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | Hospital | Culture and/or sputum smear, rapid test for HIV | Retrospective review | January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1991 | 320 | 23 |
| Deribew et al21 | Ethiopia | All adult ≥15-year TB patients with or without HIV | Health centers | TB lymphadenitis was diagnosed based on clinical parameters and cytological examination | Cross-sectional | February 2009 to March 2009 | 81 | 10 |
| Esmael et al22 | Ethiopia | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | Referral hospital | AFB, chest radiographs, and for EPTB, pathological examination | Retrospective record review | June 2008 to August 2013 | 321 | 51 |
| Feldacker et al45 | Malawi | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | TB/HIV integrated clinic | Bacteriological or histopathological, opt-out HIV testing | Retrospective cohort | January 2008 to December 2010 | 5,561 | 1,117 |
| Gupta et al32 | South Africa | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | Electronic TB registry | ICD-10 classification used for EPTB, serology for HIV | Retrospective analysis | 2009 | 13,237 | 2,328 |
| Hailu et al23 | Ethiopia | All children with TB aged <15 years with or without HIV | Health centers | Clinical history, chest X-ray, HIV testing, and histopathology | Retrospective study | January 2007 to December 2011 | 346 | 103 |
| Hoffmann et al33 | South Africa | All adult >18-year HIV-positive patients with liver TB | Hospital | Clinical, laboratory, and radiography | Retrospective study | 2001–2009 | 108 | 28 |
| Iliyasu and Babashani31 | Nigeria | All HIV-positive patients with or without TB and all age groups | Teaching hospital | Biopsy of tissue specimen, TB culture | Retrospective review of charts | January 2006 to December 2006 | 138 | 50 |
| Kamenju and Said42 | Tanzania | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | Hospital | Smear, radiological tests, culture, biopsy, or a combination | Retrospective cross-sectional analyses | August 2008 to July 2009 | 175 | 19 |
| Malkin et al44 | Burkina Faso | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | TB center | Smear, radiological tests, culture, biopsy, or a combination | Cohort study | October 1988 to March 1992 | 112 | 22 |
| Mekonnen et al24 | Ethiopia | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | Hospital and private clinic | Clinical history with X-ray, ultrasound, and/or pathological techniques | Retrospective study | January 2011 to December 2014 | 236 | 78 |
| Muttai et al46 | Kenya | Adult ≥15-year TB patients diagnosed with HIV+ | Hospitals and health centers | Not reported | Retrospective chart review | October 2006 to April 2008 | 846 | 145 |
| Namme et al36 | Cameroon | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | Hospital | Smear, radiological tests, biopsy, or combination | Cross-sectional | July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2011 | 438 | 108 |
| Njozing et al37 | Cameroon | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | TB/HIV treatment center | Clinical and/or radiological, biopsies and laboratory examination of aspirates from affected areas | Retrospective cohort | January 2006 to December 2007 | 1,473 | 206 |
| Ocama et al38 | Uganda | All HIV-positive patients who suspected for liver disease | Teaching hospital | Stool analysis, ultrasound-guided liver biopsies | Cross-sectional | May 2004 to March 2005 | 77 | 7 |
| Nglazi et al34 | South Africa | All TB patients with or without HIV aged ≥15 years | Hospital | As per national guidelines | Retrospective cohort study | October 2009 and June 2011 | 472 | 159 |
| Siddiqi et al40 | Zambia | All HIV-positive patients with a CNS infection requiring a LP | Teaching hospital | Receiving an LP microscopy, culture, Gram stain, and India ink testing on CSF | Cross-sectional study | October 1, 2010 to May 31, 2012 | 331 | 48 |
| Skogmar et al25 | Ethiopia | All TB patients with or without HIV and ≥18 years old | Hospitals and health centers | As per national program | Cross-sectional study | September 2010 to March 2012 | 307 | 91 |
| Tarekegne et al26 | Ethiopia | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | Hospital | Pathological examination and/or clinical symptoms | Retrospective study | September 2009 to August 2012 | 404 | 58 |
| Wobudeya et al39 | Uganda | All children with TB aged <15 years with or without HIV | Five districts | As per national program and WHO | Retrospective cross-sectional study | January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2010 | 168 | 24 |
| Yassin et al27 | Ethiopia | All TB patients with or without HIV and all age groups | District hospital | Sputum microscopy, X-ray facilities | Prospective cohort | Not reported | 97 | 10 |
| Sinkala et al41 | Zambia | All abdominal TB and HIV positive | University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia | Culture and/or granulomatous on histopathological examination microscopy | Cross-sectional study | September 2005 until May 2006 | 140 | 22 |
| Stolp et al47 | Gabon | All TB with or without HIV and all age groups | Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambarene, Gabon | Neelsen-stained sputum smear or on clinical grounds, HIV test | Retrospective study | January 2007 to December 2012 | 205 | 40 |
| van der Plas et al35 | South Africa | Adults (>18 years), hospitalized HIV and PTB or EPTB patients, not on ART | BCH, Cape town | Smear or culture, WHO guidelines, smear negative or EPTB in HIV-1-infected people | Prospective observational cohort | April 29, 2009, until February 28, 2011 | 112 | 20 |
Abbreviations: AFB, acid-fast bacilli; ART, antiretroviral therapy; BCH, Brooklyn Chest Hospital; CNS, central nervous system; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; extrapulmonary TB; LP, lumbar puncture; PTB, pulmonary TB; SSA, sub-Saharan Africa; TB, tuberculosis; UBTH, University of Benin Teaching Hospital.