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. 2018 Nov 6;14:2029–2049. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S138000

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© 2018 Pouresmaeili et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Common osteoporosis risk factors involved in pathways associated with bone formation and osteoporotic fractures.

Note: RA, smoking, glucocorticoids, diabetes mellitus and tumors, the most common risk factors, negatively control the bone organization pathway, resulting in osteoporotic fractures.

Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; PTH, parathyroid hormone; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RANKL, RANK with its ligand; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; DM, diabetes mellitus; AP2, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 2; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor κ.