Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics (N=1,717)
| Characteristics | Smoker | P-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Never (n=729) | Former (n=872) | Current (n=116) | ||
| Age, mean ± SD (years) | 72±10 | 72±9.2 | 64±8.7 | <0.001 |
| Men | 240 (33%) | 548 (63%) | 69 (59%) | <0.001 |
| White | 549 (75%) | 716 (82%) | 76 (66%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 310 (43%) | 405 (46%) | 48 (41%) | 0.23 |
| Coronary heart disease | 200 (27%) | 388 (45%) | 45 (39%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 58 (8%) | 87 (10%) | 9 (8%) | 0.33 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean ± SD (mm Hg) | 128±15 | 127±16 | 128±15 | 0.43 |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 34±8.3 | 34±8.1 | 33±8.0 | 0.34 |
| Serum creatinine, mean ± SD (mg/dL) | 1.12±0.32 | 1.20±0.35 | 1.10±0.36 | <0.001 |
| New York Heart Association Class III-IV | 243 (33%) | 333 (38%) | 31 (27%) | 0.017 |
| Prior heart failure hospitalization | 415 (57%) | 518 (59%) | 73 (63%) | 0.37 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 62 (9%) | 178 (20%) | 41 (35%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin use | 377 (52%) | 555 (64%) | 72 (62%) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 428 (59%) | 618 (71%) | 70 (60%) | <0.001 |
| Spironolactone | 381 (52%) | 427 (49%) | 59 (51%) | 0.42 |
| Beta blockers | 560 (77%) | 706 (81%) | 88 (76%) | 0.092 |
| ACEi/ARB | 579 (79%) | 678 (78%) | 99 (85%) | 0.16 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 272 (37%) | 355 (41%) | 42 (36%) | 0.30 |
| Diuretics | 637 (87%) | 794 (91%) | 97 (84%) | 0.0084 |
| Long-acting nitrate | 114 (16%) | 156 (18%) | 24 (21%) | 0.28 |
| Other antihypertensive medications | 104 (14%) | 158 (18%) | 22 (19%) | 0.089 |
*
Statistical significance for continuous data was tested using the analysis of variance and categorical data was tested using the chi-square test.
ACEi/ARB= angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers; SD=standard deviation.