Table 1.

Summary of clinical trials using broccoli and SFN for disease indications.

Agent	Disease/ condition	Participants, agent, dose and schedule	outcome	Reference
Broccoli/ SFN	Cancer - breast	54 breast biopsy candidates; Broccoli seed extract; 514 μmol GRR/ day; 56 days)	Lower Ki67, lower HDAC3 in benign tissue, lower HDAC in PBMC compared to placebo	[45]
	Cancer - lung	30 healthy, young smokers; steam-cooked broccoli; 250 g per day; 10 days	Increased DNA repair activity in PBMC compared to control diet	[52]
		291 healthy participants; broccoli sprout beverages; GR (600 μmol) and SFN (40 μmol); 84 days	Rapid and sustained increases in urinary excretion of benzene (61%) and acrolein (23%)	[56]
		50 healthy participants; GR- or SFN-rich broccoli sprout beverage; 7 days	20-50% increase in excretion levels of glutathione conjugates of acrolein, crotonaldehyde and benzene in GR, SFN or both compared to baseline	[57]
	Cancer - GI tract	40 H. pylori-infected subjects; broccoli sprouts; 70 g/ day/ 8 weeks	Reduced urease, inflammation and bacterial colonization in broccoli intervention group compared to alfalfa control group	[61]
	Cancer - prostate	90 men with biochemical recurrence after radial prostatectomy; 60 mg of prostaphane daily; 6 months	Significantly lower log PSA slope compared to placebo	[68]
	Diabetes	103 Scandinavian T2D patients; broccoli sprout extract; 150 μmol SFN per dose; 12 weeks	Improved fasting glucose and HbA1C in obese participants	[69]
		81 T2D patients; broccoli sprout powder (22.5 μmol /g SFN) ; 5 g or 10 g per day; 4 weeks	Reduced fasting glucose, reduced inflammatory markers and serum insulin compared to placebo	[70] [71]
	Skin disorders	5 subjects with Epidermolysis bullosa simplex; topical application of broccoli sprout extract (500 nmol SFN/ ml); 1 week	Increase in K17 expression, variable but induced expression on K6 and K16	[72]
		6 volunteers; topical application with broccoli sprout extract (200 or 400 nmol SFN); 3 doses every 24 hours	Reduced erythema (mean = 37.7%) caused by UV radiation	[73]
	Heart and vascular disease	37 subjects with high CVD risk; standard or high GRR broccoli; 400 g per week; 12 weeks	Reduced plasma LDL-C in high GRR group	[74]
		77 T2D patients with a positive H.pylori stool antigen test; broccoli sprout powder or in combination with standard therapy; 6 g/ day; 28 days	Improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the combination group	[75]
		14 adults with sickle cell disease; broccoli sprout homogenate; 50-150 μmol dose escalation for 21 days	Increase in whole blood mRNA levels of heme oxygenase 1 and trend for same with subunit of fetal hemoglobin	[78]
	Developmental/ behavioral disorders	27 young males with moderate to severe ASD; SFN derived from lyophilized broccoli sprout; 50-150 μmol SFN; 18 weeks	Improvement in social interaction, abnormal behavior and verbal communication	[79]
		10 schizophrenia patients; broccoli seed extract; 69 μmol GRR (3 tablets, daily); 54 days	Improvement in cognitive function tests	[82]
	Respiratory conditions	29 subjects inoculated with FluMist live attenuated influenza virus; broccoli sprout homogenate; 100 μmol SFN; 21 days	Increase in peripheral blood NK cell expression and reduction in circulating influenza RNA	[83]
		16 young, healthy smokers; broccoli sprout homogenate; 200 g per day; 4 days	Reduction in virus-induced inflammation; reduction in influenza sequences in nasal lavage fluid from smokers	[84]
		45 moderate asthmatics; SFN; 100 μmol daily; 14 days	Reduction in bronchoconstrictor effects of methacholine; reduction in airway resistance	[85]
		29 healthy subjects who tested positive for cat allergens; SFN-rich broccoli sprout extract; 100 μmol per day; 4 days	54% reduction in diesel exhaust particle-induced nasal white blood cell counts	[86]