Figure 3.

ATM deficiency detours the glucose flux in CRPC cells. C4–2/Ctrl and C4–2/ATM-KO cells were grown in uniformly ¹³C-labeled glucose medium. The incorporation of ¹³C atoms from ¹³C₆-Glc in to citrate/isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), succinate, fumarate, malate, lactate, alanine and aspartate are denoted as m+n, where n is the number of ¹³C atoms. Blue, red, purple and green circles all indicate that ¹³C atoms are derived from ¹³C₆-Glc but through different pathways. A scheme describing glucose flows is shown in the middle of the figure. LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; GPT2, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; CO₂ indicates where carbon dioxide is released. All data are depicted as mean ± s.d. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 by two-tailed Student’s t-test.