Table 4 Summary table.

	Key Findings
Epidemiology	FNSFs comprise 3% of all sport-related stress fractures. Long-distance running and marathon running are the main causative sports. Female gender and low baseline physical fitness are the main risk factors.
Pathophysiology	Compression FNSFs develop as a result of fatigue loading of the femoral neck. Tensions FNSFs develop in conjunction with weakening of the hip abductor muscles.
Biomechanics	Compression FNSFs form an oblique fracture line with a stable fracture pattern. Tension FNSFs form a vertical fracture line with an unstable fracture pattern.
Presentation	The most common reported symptom is exercise-related anterior groin pain.
Examination	The most common exam finding is pain at the extremes of hip range of motion
Investigation	Plain radiographs form the first-line imaging investigation for FNSFs. MRI scan is now the gold-standard second-line imaging investigation for FNSFs.
Management	Incomplete (<50% FNW) compression FNSFs are managed conservatively. Complete compression and incomplete tension FNSFs are managed surgically. Displaced FNSFs require urgent reduction and surgical fixation. The choice of surgical fixation is guided by the fracture pattern.
Sport Outcome	Incomplete compression FNSFs demonstrate good sporting outcomes, with reported return rates of 100% and return times of 14 weeks. Displaced FNSFs demonstrate less favourable sporting outcomes, with reported return rates ranging 33–100% and return times ranging from 3 to 12 months. Fracture displacement and high-performance running status have been found to negatively influence return to sport.
Injury Prevention	Education programmes and treatment algorithms can reduce rates of displaced FNSFs. Regulated exercise programmes are recommended for endurance runners.

FNW – Femoral Neck Width