TABLE 3.
Model 1: Education + demographic characteristics | Model 2: Model 1 + family background | Model 3: Model 2 + institutional factors | Model 4: Model 3 + regional variation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Respondent’s years of schooling | 0.032*** (0.008) |
0.030*** (0.008) |
0.026*** (0.009) |
0.024** (0.009) |
Father’s education (Reference: Primary school) | ||||
Middle school | 0.064 (0.108) |
0.047 (0.108) |
0.048 (0.108) |
|
High school | −0.059 (0.150) |
−0.068 (0.150) |
−0.062 (0.151) |
|
College | 0.392* (0.215) |
0.407* (0.217) |
0.410* (0.217) |
|
Missing | 0.104 (0.131) |
0.102 (0.131) |
0.109 (0.131) |
|
Father’s CCP membership (Reference: Non-member) | ||||
Member | −0.089 (0.108) |
−0.095 (0.108) |
−0.095 (0.108) |
|
Missing | 0.079 (0.115) |
0.021 (0.116) |
0.020 (0.116) |
|
Residence/migration(Reference: Always lived in rural area) | ||||
Always lived in urban area | 0.166 (0.107) |
0.124 (0.108) |
||
Rural–urban migrant | 0.419*** (0.087) |
0.383*** (0.089) |
||
CCP member | −0.266** (0.120) |
−0.249** (0.120) |
||
Birth cohort (Reference: Before 1940) | ||||
1940–1949 | 0.195 (0.291) |
0.218 (0.291) |
0.238 (0.291) |
0.244 (0.291) |
1950–1959 | 0.638** (0.261) |
0.678*** (0.262) |
0.684*** (0.263) |
0.689*** (0.263) |
1960–1969 | 1.521*** (0.250) |
1.564*** (0.251) |
1.559*** (0.253) |
1.573*** (0.253) |
1970–1979 | 2.735*** (0.246) |
2.782*** (0.248) |
2.766*** (0.251) |
2.781*** (0.251) |
Minority | −0.139 (0.138) |
−0.144 (0.138) |
−0.102 (0.138) |
−0.069 (0.139) |
County-level GDP per capita (10,000 yuan) | 0.147** (0.060) |
|||
Region (Reference: Small provinces) | ||||
Shanghai | 0.922*** (0.106) |
0.900*** (0.107) |
0.814*** (0.109) |
0.677*** (0.122) |
Liaoning | 0.120 (0.120) |
0.112 (0.121) |
0.119 (0.121) |
0.066 (0.123) |
Henan | −0.537*** (0.135) |
−0.533*** (0.135) |
−0.543*** (0.136) |
−0.516*** (0.136) |
Gansu | −1.610*** (0.205) |
−1.610*** (0.205) |
−1.565*** (0.206) |
−1.438*** (0.212) |
Guangdong | 0.578*** (0.107) |
0.572*** (0.107) |
0.512*** (0.108) |
0.486*** (0.109) |
Constant | −4.569*** (0.245) |
−4.632*** (0.249) |
−4.670*** (0.250) |
−4.773*** (0.254) |
Observations | 14,779 | 14,779 | 14,779 | 14,779 |
p<0.01,
p<0.05,
p<0.1
NOTE: Logit coefficients are shown in main entries of the table, with standard errors in parentheses.