TABLE 4.
Model 1: Education + demographic characteristics | Model 2: Model 1 + family background | Model 3: Model 2 + institutional factors | Model 4: Model 3 + regional variation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Respondent’s years of schooling | 0.022** (0.008) |
0.017* (0.009) |
0.013 (0.010) |
0.007 (0.010) |
Father’s education (Reference: Primary school) | ||||
Middle school | 0.064 (0.119) |
0.043 (0.119) |
0.033 (0.119) |
|
High school | 0.371** (0.148) |
0.378** (0.148) |
0.378** (0.149) |
|
College | 0.071 (0.270) |
0.141 (0.272) |
0.158 (0.273) |
|
Missing | −0.045 (0.134) |
−0.059 (0.135) |
−0.061 (0.135) |
|
Father’s CCP membership (Reference: Non-member) | ||||
Member | −0.077 (0.121) |
−0.078 (0.121) |
−0.073 (0.121) |
|
Missing | 0.145 (0.115) |
0.099 (0.117) |
0.107 (0.117) |
|
Residence/migration (Reference: Always lived in rural area) | ||||
Always lived in urban area | 0.0645 (0.128) |
0.0133 (0.129) |
||
Rural–urban migrant | 0.405*** (0.095) |
0.344*** (0.097) |
||
CCP member | −0.398* (0.243) |
−0.384* (0.243) |
||
Birth cohort (Reference: Before 1940) | ||||
1940–1949 | 0.134 (0.301) |
0.161 (0.302) |
0.197 (0.302) |
0.211 (0.302) |
1950–1959 | 0.320 (0.271) |
0.352 (0.272) |
0.393 (0.272) |
0.412 (0.272) |
1960–1969 | 1.294*** (0.254) |
1.318*** (0.256) |
1.358*** (0.257) |
1.395*** (0.258) |
1970–1979 | 2.547*** (0.250) |
2.551*** (0.253) |
2.570*** (0.255) |
2.611*** (0.255) |
Minority | −0.288* (0.157) |
−0.301* (0.157) |
−0.278* (0.157) |
−0.222 (0.158) |
County-level GDP per capita (10,000 yuan) | 0.238*** (0.069) |
|||
Region (Reference: Small provinces) | ||||
Shanghai | 0.972*** (0.114) |
0.960*** (0.114) |
0.885*** (0.117) |
0.672*** (0.130) |
Liaoning | −0.158 (0.143) |
−0.161 (0.143) |
−0.150 (0.144) |
−0.227 (0.145) |
Henan | −0.473*** (0.147) |
−0.475*** (0.147) |
−0.483*** (0.147) |
−0.435*** (0.148) |
Gansu | −1.802*** (0.259) |
−1.798*** (0.259) |
−1.763*** (0.259) |
−1.570*** (0.265) |
Guangdong | 0.533*** (0.116) |
0.527*** (0.116) |
0.474*** (0.117) |
0.436*** (0.118) |
Constant | −4.523*** (0.243) |
−4.558*** (0.249) |
−4.643*** (0.251) |
−4.834*** (0.257) |
Observations | 15,052 | 15,052 | 15,052 | 15,052 |
p<0.01,
p<0.05,
p<0.1
NOTE: Logit coefficients are shown in main entries of the table, with standard errors in parentheses.