Table 4. Serum concentrations of creatine kinase, c-reactive protein, urea, free-testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 at 24 h before the half-marathon (pre), immediately after the recovery intervention (post_rec) and 24 h after the half-marathon (post₂₄).

Variable	Group	Pre			Postrec			Post24			Time	Intervention x time interaction
											p	p
CK (U/l)	PAS	254	±	183	376	±	214c	645	±	404d	0.001	0.091
	ACT	162	±	74	335	±	128c	861	±	665e
	CWI	320	±	301	417	±	218b	615	±	220c
	MAS	272	±	144	417	±	152c	655	±	291d
CRP (mg/l)	PAS	1.43	±	1.56				5.28	±	3.65d	0.001	0.768
	ACT	0.90	±	1.03				3.87	±	2.04d
	CWI	0.72	±	0.64				3.63	±	1.69d
	MAS	0.43	±	0.25				2.58	±	1.07d
Urea (mg/dl)	PAS	39	±	15				41	±	10b	0.001	0.883
	ACT	31	±	5				35	±	7b
	CWI	35	±	10				40	±	9b
	MAS	34	±	7				38	±	6b
f-T (pg/ml)	PAS	14.2	±	5.0				12.4	±	4.5b	0.001	0.251
	ACT	15.0	±	4.2				9.7	±	3.8d
	CWI	14.4	±	4.6				11.5	±	4.4c
	MAS	17.5	±	10.0				13.1	±	7.5c
IGF-1 (ng/ml)	PAS	242	±	72				223	±	75b	0.001	0.112
	ACT	229	±	69				212	±	67b
	CWI	206	±	57				193	±	43a
	MAS	277	±	90				230	±	79b

Data are shown as the mean ± SD

a, trivial change (ES = 0.00–0.19)

b, small change (ES = 0.20–0.59)

c, moderate change (ES = 0.60–1.19)

d, large change (1.20–1.99)

e, very large change (ES ≥ 2.00); ES data indicate the differences compared with the pre values; CK, creatine kinase; CRP, c-reactive protein; f-T, free-testosterone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; PAS, passive recovery; ACT, active recovery; CWI, cold water immersion; MAS, massage.