Quantitative real-time PCR showed that exposure of HBMEC to PIC (50 µg/ml) or HIV-1ADA (MOI: 0.001) for 2 to 24 hours induce transcriptional upregulation of IL6 (a), JUN (b), RELB (c), CEBPA (d), CEBPG (e), and STAT1 (f). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 compared to untreated controls. These are representative data from three independent experiments using HBMEC from three different human donors.