(a) The JNK inhibitor 420119, the ATP-competitive JNK inhibitor 420129, and the TAK1/MKK7 inhibitor 5ZO blocked PIC induced IL6 expression and secretion. (b): PIC induced IL6 expression was reduced by the inhibitor of AP-1 transcriptional activity SR11302, whereas the inhibitor of NFκB transcriptional activation 481406, the IRAK1/4 inhibitor, and the inhibitor of c-Jun/JNK complex 420130 had minimal to no effect. (c): The ATP-competitive JNK inhibitor 420129, the IRAK1/4 inhibitor, and the TAK1/MKK7 inhibitor 5ZO blocked HIV-1-induced IL6 expression and secretion; whereas the JNK inhibitor 420119, the inhibitor of c-Jun/JNK complex 420130, the inhibitor of NFκB transcriptional activation 481406, and the inhibitor of AP-1 transcriptional activity SR11302, had minimal to no effect. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.