Table 3.

Description of pharmacological inhibitors used in the study

Inhibitor name	Catalog# / Abbreviation	Mechanism of action	Manufacturer
TLR3/dsRNA Complex Inhibitor	TLR3.CI	Acts as a direct, competitive and high affinity inhibitor of dsRNA binding to TLR3. Selectively antagonizes TLR3 signaling without affecting other TLRs.	Calbiochem- EMD Millipore
NFκB Activation Inhibitor	481406	Inhibitor of NFκB transcriptional activation	Calbiochem- EMD Millipore
SR 11302	SR11302	Inhibitor of activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional activity	Tocris Biosciences
JNK Inhibitor II	420119	Selective and reversible inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3).	Calbiochem- EMD Millipore
JNK Inhibitor V	420129	Reversible and ATP-competitive inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3).	Calbiochem- EMD Millipore
JNK Inhibitor III	420130	Specifically disrupt c-Jun/JNK complex formation and the subsequent phosphorylation and activation of c-Jun by JNK	Calbiochem- EMD Millipore
IRAK-1/4 inhibitor	IRAK-1/4	Inhibitor of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK)-1 and −4	Sigma-Aldrich
5Z-7-Oxozeaenol	5ZO	ATP-competitive irreversible inhibitor of TAK1 (MEKK7), MKK7, MEK1, and ERK2. Has no activity against other MAPK	Sigma-Aldrich

Abbreviations: TLR3: Toll-like receptor-3; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; dsRNA: double-stranded RNA; AP-1: activator protein-1; IRAK: Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase; NFkB: nuclear factor kappaB; TAK1: Transforming growth factor-p activated kinase-1; MEKK7: MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase-7; MKK7: MAP Kinase Kinase-7; MEK1: MAP Kinase Kinase-1; ERK2: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-2 / MAP Kinase-1