. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 9.

Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2018 Jul 24;132:252–269. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.014

Table 1.

Comparison of common 3D cardiovascular bioprinting technique.

		Inkjet	Extrusion	Stereolithography
Principle	Mechanism	Generating bioink droplets for patterned deposition	Extruding bioink filaments through needles	Solidifying bioink in a reservoir via laser energy
	Modeling	Thermal-, electric-, laser-, acoustic- or pneumatic-	Pneumatic-, mechanical(piston or screw), or solenoid-	Beam scanning or image projection modeling
	Gelation methods	Physical, or chemical	Physical, or chemical,	Photo-crosslinking
Specification	Speed	Medium	Slow, medium	Fast, medium
	Resolution	High, medium	Low, medium	High
Bioink	Types	Hydrogels	Cell aggregates, hydrogels, micro-carriers, decellularized matrices, and synthetic polymer fibers	Cell aggregates, hydrogels, micro-carriers, decellularized matrices
	Viscosity	Low<12mPa·s	High 6×10⁷mPa·s	High, medium <2000mPa·s
Cell	Density	Low<10⁶cells/mL	High, medium No clogging	High crosslinkable
	Viability	>85%	40–80%	65–85%
Other features	Advantage	Wide ink availability, low cost	Wide printable material, mild condition, medium cost	High cost, no any force application
	Disadvantage	Clogging; applicable to low viscosity ink only; post-chemical crosslinking request	Low cell viability due to shear stress and pressure; postchemical crosslinking request	Applicable to photopolymers only; harmful effect from laser and residual toxic photoinitiators