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. 2018 Nov 9;8:16597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34859-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cathepsin L activity is required for Vero E6 cell entry driven by a mutant S protein that lacks the S1/S2 and the S2′ sites. Vero E6 cells pre-incubated with serine protease inhibitor (camostat, bright blue), cathepsin L inhibitor (MDL28170, dark blue) or DMSO (control, gray) were inoculated with pseudoparticles as described for the Caco-2 cells in panel c of Fig. 6. At 18 h post inoculation, transduction efficiency was quantified by measuring the activity of virus-encoded luciferase in cell lysates. The average of three independent experiments is shown. Transduction of control-treated cells was set as 100%. Error bars indicate SEM. Statistical significance of differences between transduction of control-treated and inhibitor-treated cells was analyzed using a paired, two-tailed students t-test (**p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; ns, not significant).