Table 2.
Global age-standardised summary exposure values for all risk factors, 1990, 2007, and 2017, with mean percentage change for 1990–2007, 2007–17, and 1990–2017
|
Risk |
Both sexes |
Males |
Females |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage change, 1990–2017 | 1990 | 2007 | 2017 | Percentage change, 1990–2007 | Percentage change, 2007–17 | Percentage change, 1990–2017 | 1990 | 2007 | 2017 | Percentage change, 1990–2007 | Percentage change, 2007–17 | Percentage change, 1990–2017 | ||||
| 1 | Environmental and occupational risks | |||||||||||||||
| 2 | Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing | |||||||||||||||
| 3 | Unsafe water source | −21·24% (−25·26 to −17·26)* | 43·22 (41·16 to 44·81) | 36·07 (33·72 to 37·87) | 33·57 (30·81 to 35·60) | −16·53% (−19·34 to −13·99)* | −6·93% (−9·73 to −3·91)* | −22·32% (−26·29 to −18·32)* | 42·46 (40·42 to 44·03) | 35·94 (33·62 to 37·70) | 33·87 (31·09 to 35·88) | −15·35% (−18·19 to −12·85)* | −5·76% (−8·53 to −2·77)* | −20·23% (−24·28 to −16·19)* | ||
| 3 | Unsafe sanitation | −47·80% (−52·10 to −43·25)* | 58·10 (53·42 to 64·54) | 40·88 (36·53 to 46·98) | 29·88 (25·66 to 35·37) | −29·64% (−33·19 to −26·07)* | −26·92% (−31·82 to −21·86)* | −48·58% (−52·90 to −44·00)* | 57·19 (52·49 to 63·65) | 40·82 (36·45 to 46·95) | 30·28 (26·02 to 35·86) | −28·62% (−32·16 to −25·19)* | −25·81% (−30·56 to −20·97)* | −47·04% (−51·30 to −42·56)* | ||
| 3 | No access to handwashing facility | −12·72% (−16·05 to −9·07)* | 37·81 (36·77 to 38·82) | 34·52 (33·41 to 35·60) | 32·51 (31·36 to 33·63) | −8·72% (−11·64 to −5·64)* | −5·82% (−8·35 to −3·11)* | −14·04% (−17·38 to −10·35)* | 37·33 (36·35 to 38·30) | 34·58 (33·52 to 35·62) | 33·05 (31·93 to 34·14) | −7·37% (−10·17 to −4·35)* | −4·43% (−6·89 to −1·78)* | −11·47% (−14·82 to −7·86)* | ||
| 2 | Air pollution | |||||||||||||||
| 3 | Particulate matter pollution | |||||||||||||||
| 4 | Ambient particulate matter pollution | 41·21% (32·15 to 51·99)* | 30·08 (23·45 to 38·60) | 39·91 (31·90 to 50·67) | 41·90 (33·87 to 52·75) | 32·71% (25·60 to 40·41)* | 4·97% (−0·59 to 10·91) | 39·30% (29·87 to 50·14)* | 26·83 (21·00 to 34·70) | 36·13 (28·60 to 46·32) | 38·48 (30·87 to 49·05) | 34·66% (27·56 to 42·79)* | 6·50% (0·68 to 13·17)* | 43·41% (33·87 to 55·06)* | ||
| 4 | Household air pollution from solid fuels | −45·83% (−49·75 to −41·46)* | 45·57 (39·19 to 54·22) | 31·57 (26·36 to 39·05) | 23·90 (19·50 to 30·22) | −30·73% (−34·45 to −26·65)* | −24·30% (−28·40 to −19·95)* | −47·56% (−51·58 to −42·78)* | 46·00 (39·75 to 54·60) | 33·13 (27·85 to 40·66) | 25·67 (21·04 to 32·02) | −27·98% (−31·53 to −24·27)* | −22·50% (−26·61 to −18·30)* | −44·19% (−48·30 to −39·43)* | ||
| 3 | Ambient ozone pollution | 3·02% (2·30 to 4·82)* | 41·72 (18·06 to 51·11) | 41·88 (18·13 to 51·37) | 42·89 (18·89 to 52·32) | 0·38% (0·16 to 0·61)* | 2·42% (1·77 to 4·14)* | 2·81% (2·22 to 4·43)* | 41·25 (17·72 to 50·99) | 41·50 (17·88 to 51·27) | 42·58 (18·65 to 52·26) | 0·62% (0·41 to 0·91)* | 2·60% (1·88 to 4·36)* | 3·24% (2·40 to 5·22)* | ||
| 2 | Other environmental risks | |||||||||||||||
| 3 | Residential radon | −0·23% (−5·56 to 5·43) | 23·73 (14·82 to 33·91) | 23·64 (14·79 to 33·99) | 23·68 (14·72 to 34·19) | −0·40% (−3·44 to 2·75) | 0·18% (−1·97 to 2·32) | −0·22% (−5·27 to 5·15) | 23·72 (14·85 to 33·65) | 23·64 (14·80 to 33·92) | 23·66 (14·75 to 34·15) | −0·33% (−3·57 to 3·21) | 0·10% (−2·29 to 2·38) | −0·23 (−5·72 to 5·66) | ||
| 3 | Lead exposure | −27·66% (−33·58 to −22·08)* | 15·65 (11·46 to 19·44) | 13·94 (9·97 to 17·65) | 11·14 (7·54 to 14·68) | −10·93% (−13·35 to −8·81)* | −20·12% (−24·35 to −16·16)* | −28·85% (−34·39 to −23·60)* | 9·56 (5·94 to 13·25) | 8·79 (5·34 to 12·41) | 7·15 (4·10 to 10·63) | −8·11% (−10·42 to −6·13)* | −18·67% (−23·43 to −14·24)* | −25·26 (−31·19 to −19·60)* | ||
| 2 | Occupational risks | |||||||||||||||
| 3 | Occupational carcinogens | |||||||||||||||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to asbestos | −13·76% (−26·71 to 2·19) | 2·67 (2·33 to 3·05) | 2·47 (2·38 to 2·60) | 2·36 (2·28 to 2·45) | −7·69% (−15·84 to 3·65) | −4·24% (−8·89 to −0·25)* | −11·61% (−22·98 to 2·54) | 0·98 (0·76 to 1·25) | 0·79 (0·73 to 0·88) | 0·74 (0·70 to 0·79) | −18·62% (−30·99 to −2·32)* | −6·58% (−13·55 to −0·85)* | −23·97% (−40·00 to −3·78)* | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to arsenic | 5·12% (−0·36 to 25·19) | 0·32 (0·09 to 0·61) | 0·33 (0·10 to 0·60) | 0·34 (0·10 to 0·61) | 2·14% (−1·61 to 13·84) | 2·96% (0·27 to 8·66)* | 5·16% (−0·22 to 22·82) | 0·29 (0·08 to 0·57) | 0·30 (0·09 to 0·57) | 0·31 (0·10 to 0·57) | 3·10% (−1·78 to 18·37) | 2·08% (−1·89 to 9·22) | 5·25% (−1·93 to 27·75) | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to benzene | 26·04% (18·96 to 41·92)* | 0·54 (0·26 to 1·11) | 0·60 (0·31 to 1·20) | 0·65 (0·35 to 1·27) | 11·09% (7·19 to 19·40)* | 7·85% (5·67 to 11·95)* | 19·81% (13·79 to 33·14)* | 0·51 (0·22 to 1·10) | 0·60 (0·28 to 1·26) | 0·68 (0·34 to 1·37) | 18·18% (13·55 to 28·19)* | 12·38% (8·91 to 18·81)* | 32·80% (24·14 to 51·85)* | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to beryllium | 16·89% (14·86 to 18·95)* | 0·06 (0·06 to 0·06) | 0·07 (0·07 to 0·07) | 0·07 (0·07 to 0·07) | 8·52% (6·79 to 10·34)* | 4·84% (3·52 to 6·14)* | 13·77% (11·32 to 16·13)* | 0·05 (0·05 to 0·06) | 0·06 (0·06 to 0·06) | 0·07 (0·06 to 0·07) | 13·36% (10·83 to 16·02)* | 6·40% (4·63 to 8·17)* | 20·61% (17·00 to 23·99)* | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to cadmium | 19·99% (16·30 to 23·69)* | 0·13 (0·12 to 0·13) | 0·14 (0·14 to 0·14) | 0·15 (0·14 to 0·15) | 10·87% (7·77 to 14·21)* | 6·98% (4·25 to 9·51)* | 18·60% (14·62 to 23·00)* | 0·11 (0·11 to 0·11) | 0·13 (0·12 to 0·13) | 0·14 (0·13 to 0·14) | 13·74% (8·91 to 18·80)* | 6·97% (2·93 to 11·70)* | 21·67% (15·26 to 28·32)* | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to chromium | 27·30% (23·48 to 31·27)* | 0·27 (0·26 to 0·27) | 0·31 (0·30 to 0·32) | 0·34 (0·33 to 0·35) | 14·76% (11·61 to 18·16)* | 9·57% (6·88 to 12·06)* | 25·75% (21·56 to 30·31)* | 0·23 (0·23 to 0·24) | 0·28 (0·26 to 0·29) | 0·30 (0·29 to 0·32) | 17·53% (12·32 to 22·84)* | 9·97% (5·72 to 14·97)* | 29·25% (22·17 to 36·37)* | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust | 35·56% (32·42 to 38·55)* | 1·51 (1·48 to 1·54) | 1·83 (1·80 to 1·87) | 2·07 (2·03 to 2·11) | 21·61% (18·81 to 24·46)* | 13·01% (10·71 to 15·21)* | 37·44% (33·50 to 41·49)* | 0·94 (0·92 to 0·97) | 1·12 (1·09 to 1·15) | 1·25 (1·22 to 1·29) | 19·06% (15·56 to 22·55)* | 11·94% (8·84 to 15·03)* | 33·27% (28·17 to 38·41)* | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to formaldehyde | 21·55% (17·49 to 25·59)* | 0·59 (0·57 to 0·60) | 0·66 (0·63 to 0·68) | 0·71 (0·68 to 0·74) | 12·38% (8·98 to 16·13)* | 8·08% (5·06 to 10·93)* | 21·45% (16·98 to 26·18)* | 0·49 (0·47 to 0·51) | 0·55 (0·53 to 0·58) | 0·60 (0·57 to 0·63) | 12·83% (7·23 to 18·52)* | 7·96% (3·51 to 12·96)* | 21·81% (14·97 to 28·83)* | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to nickel | 1·54% (−5·26 to 19·70) | 0·35 (0·08 to 1·10) | 0·35 (0·09 to 1·08) | 0·36 (0·10 to 1·08) | 0·75% (−3·92 to 11·90) | 2·38% (−0·40 to 8·20) | 3·15% (−3·54 to 20·18) | 0·28 (0·06 to 0·90) | 0·28 (0·07 to 0·85) | 0·28 (0·07 to 0·84) | −0·34% (−5·50 to 14·23) | 0·17% (−3·46 to 8·49) | −0·17% (−7·70 to 20·71) | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | 27·66% (23·85 to 31·43)* | 0·55 (0·54 to 0·56) | 0·64 (0·62 to 0·65) | 0·70 (0·68 to 0·72) | 14·82% (11·95 to 18·02)* | 9·71% (7·23 to 12·04)* | 25·97% (21·96 to 30·35)* | 0·48 (0·47 to 0·49) | 0·56 (0·54 to 0·59) | 0·62 (0·59 to 0·65) | 17·49% (12·50 to 22·50)* | 10·47% (6·20 to 15·11)* | 29·79% (23·18 to 36·31)* | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to silica | 2·21% (−2·51 to 12·86) | 3·71 (1·52 to 9·28) | 3·86 (1·70 to 9·29) | 4·05 (1·85 to 9·56) | 4·01% (0·32 to 11·54)* | 4·82% (2·21 to 8·77)* | 9·02% (3·50 to 21·16)* | 2·50 (1·00 to 6·31) | 2·36 (1·01 to 5·64) | 2·32 (1·01 to 5·48) | −5·37% (−9·14 to 2·24) | −2·09% (−5·24 to 2·77) | −7·35% (−12·39 to 2·21) | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid | 6·40% (0·16 to 15·05)* | 0·65 (0·39 to 1·34) | 0·68 (0·42 to 1·36) | 0·69 (0·44 to 1·35) | 4·15% (0·11 to 10·25)* | 2·25% (−0·37 to 5·61) | 6·50% (0·25 to 15·14)* | 0·58 (0·34 to 1·20) | 0·61 (0·38 to 1·23) | 0·61 (0·39 to 1·22) | 5·26% (0·24 to 12·06)* | 1·15% (−2·49 to 6·06) | 6·47% (−0·62 to 16·38) | ||
| 4 | Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene | 30·29% (27·26 to 33·55)* | 0·16 (0·15 to 0·16) | 0·18 (0·18 to 0·19) | 0·20 (0·20 to 0·21) | 16·76% (14·28 to 19·65)* | 10·21% (8·22 to 12·23)* | 28·67% (25·25 to 32·40)* | 0·13 (0·13 to 0·13) | 0·16 (0·15 to 0·16) | 0·17 (0·17 to 0·18) | 19·59% (15·55 to 23·76)* | 10·72% (7·41 to 14·55)* | 32·42% (26·78 to 38·05)* | ||
| 3 | Occupational asthmagens | −4·99% (−9·49 to −0·40)* | 16·13 (13·44 to 19·43) | 15·59 (13·03 to 18·78) | 15·39 (12·87 to 18·38) | −3·33% (−7·27 to 0·67) | −1·27% (−4·61 to 1·74) | −4·55% (−9·66 to 0·49) | 8·50 (6·78 to 10·63) | 8·26 (6·70 to 10·20) | 8·04 (6·59 to 9·74) | −2·78% (−9·20 to 3·95) | −2·68% (−7·59 to 2·70) | −5·38% (−12·99 to 2·95) | ||
| 3 | Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes | 1·85% (−0·08 to 3·94) | 8·45 (6·44 to 11·42) | 8·50 (6·55 to 11·39) | 8·48 (6·57 to 11·31) | 0·55% (−0·73 to 2·07) | −0·24% (−1·20 to 0·80) | 0·31% (−1·86 to 2·66) | 5·00 (3·80 to 6·73) | 5·22 (4·01 to 6·96) | 5·20 (4·02 to 6·95) | 4·35% (2·46 to 6·58)* | −0·28% (−1·60 to 1·19) | 4·06% (1·28 to 7·34)* | ||
| 3 | Occupational noise | 6·30% (5·01 to 7·56)* | 8·60 (8·24 to 9·12) | 8·80 (8·44 to 9·31) | 8·91 (8·55 to 9·42) | 2·27% (1·35 to 3·32)* | 1·28% (0·69 to 1·87)* | 3·58% (2·16 to 5·19)* | 5·21 (4·96 to 5·53) | 5·58 (5·34 to 5·92) | 5·74 (5·50 to 6·10) | 7·15% (5·65 to 8·90)* | 2·91% (1·94 to 3·84)* | 10·28% (7·99 to 12·79)* | ||
| 3 | Occupational injuries† | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| 3 | Occupational ergonomic factors | −14·08% (−18·25 to −9·86)* | 17·09 (15·92 to 18·44) | 15·91 (14·73 to 17·38) | 14·71 (13·50 to 16·15) | −6·90% (−11·17 to −2·80)* | −7·54% (−10·64 to −4·41)* | −13·92% (−18·71 to −9·08)* | 11·25 (10·41 to 12·22) | 10·54 (9·70 to 11·50) | 9·65 (8·75 to 10·74) | −6·28% (−12·78 to 0·55) | −8·42% (−13·25 to −3·44)* | −14·17% (−21·15 to −6·81)* | ||
| 1 | Behavioural risks | |||||||||||||||
| 2 | Child and maternal malnutrition | |||||||||||||||
| 3 | Suboptimal breastfeeding | |||||||||||||||
| 4 | Non-exclusive breastfeeding | −10·89% (−13·64 to −7·53)* | 0·44 (0·30 to 0·62) | 0·40 (0·28 to 0·57) | 0·39 (0·27 to 0·53) | −7·10% (−8·99 to −5·22)* | −4·20% (−6·88 to −1·09)* | −11·01% (−13·78 to −7·61)* | 0·43 (0·30 to 0·62) | 0·41 (0·28 to 0·57) | 0·39 (0·27 to 0·54) | −6·81% (−8·62 to −4·99)* | −4·25% (−6·87 to −1·20)* | −10·77% (−13·48 to −7·43)* | ||
| 4 | Discontinued breastfeeding | −1·40% (−3·55 to 0·89) | 1·16 (1·13 to 1·18) | 1·08 (1·07 to 1·09) | 1·14 (1·13 to 1·16) | −6·72% (−8·55 to −4·80)* | 5·92% (4·43 to 7·42)* | −1·20% (−3·41 to 1·12) | 1·16 (1·14 to 1·18) | 1·07 (1·06 to 1·09) | 1·14 (1·12 to 1·15) | −7·27% (−9·03 to −5·45)* | 6·11% (4·67 to 7·53)* | −1·61% (−3·71 to 0·62) | ||
| 3 | Child growth failure | |||||||||||||||
| 4 | Child underweight | −44·35% (−48·14 to −41·23)* | 1·65 (1·48 to 1·79) | 1·22 (1·06 to 1·36) | 0·94 (0·80 to 1·06) | −26·04% (−29·95 to −22·70)* | −23·14% (−25·36 to −21·61)* | −43·15% (−47·32 to −39·79)* | 1·60 (1·42 to 1·76) | 1·14 (0·99 to 1·29) | 0·87 (0·73 to 0·99) | −28·37% (−32·92 to −24·87)* | −24·16% (−26·33 to −22·44)* | −45·67% (−50·14 to −42·24)* | ||
| 4 | Child wasting | −22·51% (−25·73 to −19·67)* | 0·57 (0·48 to 0·65) | 0·50 (0·42 to 0·58) | 0·45 (0·37 to 0·52) | −11·87% (−16·36 to −8·34)* | −11·30% (−13·24 to −9·44)* | −21·82% (−26·23 to −18·21)* | 0·52 (0·44 to 0·59) | 0·46 (0·37 to 0·53) | 0·40 (0·33 to 0·46) | −11·72% (−16·12 to −8·29)* | −13·18% (−15·04 to −11·42)* | −23·36% (−27·37 to −19·99)* | ||
| 4 | Child stunting | −36·16% (−41·11 to −32·42)* | 2·75 (1·89 to 3·06) | 2·35 (1·64 to 2·60) | 1·81 (1·27 to 2·05) | −14·29% (−18·93 to −9·98)* | −22·97% (−26·72 to −20·02)* | −33·97% (−39·71 to −29·38)* | 2·70 (1·89 to 3·01) | 2·24 (1·55 to 2·50) | 1·66 (1·17 to 1·91) | −16·94% (−22·01 to −12·76)* | −26·01% (−30·13 to −22·76)* | −38·54% (−44·24 to −33·98)* | ||
| 3 | Low birthweight and short gestation | |||||||||||||||
| 4 | Short gestation for birthweight | 25·26% (21·38 to 29·51)* | 0·00 (0·00 to 0·01) | 0·01 (0·00 to 0·01) | 0·01 (0·00 to 0·01) | 18·60% (14·85 to 22·55)* | 7·38% (3·85 to 10·34)* | 27·35% (21·83 to 32·59)* | 0·00 (0·00 to 0·00) | 0·00 (0·00 to 0·01) | 0·00 (0·00 to 0·01) | 16·51% (13·09 to 19·73)* | 5·10% (2·43 to 7·72)* | 22·45% (17·29 to 27·17)* | ||
| 4 | Low birthweight for gestation | 5·92% (1·12 to 11·21)* | 0·01 (0·00 to 0·01) | 0·01 (0·00 to 0·01) | 0·01 (0·00 to 0·01) | 2·67% (−2·39 to 8·23) | 3·46% (0·62 to 7·00)* | 6·22% (−0·73 to 14·61) | 0·01 (0·00 to 0·01) | 0·01 (0·00 to 0·01) | 0·01 (0·00 to 0·01) | 2·28% (−1·86 to 7·30) | 3·25% (0·71 to 5·60)* | 5·60% (−0·11 to 11·72) | ||
| 3 | Iron deficiency† | −23·44% (−27·96 to −19·44)* | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12·69 (10·50 to 15·30) | 10·78 (8·67 to 13·27) | 9·70 (7·68 to 12·17) | −15·03% (−18·63 to −11·98)* | −10·04% (−12·97 to −7·26)* | −23·56% (−28·07 to −19·59)* | ||
| 3 | Vitamin A deficiency | −14·93% (−17·56 to −12·48)* | 2·56 (2·21 to 2·95) | 2·41 (2·08 to 2·79) | 2·17 (1·85 to 2·54) | −5·88% (−7·27 to −4·57)* | −10·08% (−12·43 to −7·74)* | −15·37% (−18·17 to −12·89)* | 2·49 (2·15 to 2·88) | 2·36 (2·03 to 2·73) | 2·13 (1·82 to 2·50) | −5·35% (−6·77 to −4·01)* | −9·63% (−12·19 to −7·27)* | −14·46% (−17·36 to −11·81)* | ||
| 3 | Zinc deficiency | −30·29% (−35·62 to −24·00)* | 0·92 (0·28 to 1·77) | 0·76 (0·24 to 1·45) | 0·64 (0·19 to 1·26) | −17·99% (−23·55 to −8·44)* | −14·85% (−22·51 to −8·70)* | −30·17% (−36·78 to −21·56)* | 0·93 (0·27 to 1·76) | 0·76 (0·24 to 1·45) | 0·64 (0·20 to 1·29) | −18·32% (−23·86 to −9·54)* | −14·81% (−22·91 to −8·51)* | −30·42% (−37·34 to −22·61)* | ||
| 2 | Tobacco | |||||||||||||||
| 3 | Smoking | −27·01% (−29·04 to −25·04)* | 11·28 (9·97 to 12·66) | 9·86 (8·74 to 11·12) | 8·70 (7·72 to 9·79) | −12·55% (−15·17 to −9·96)* | −11·77% (−13·43 to −10·01)* | −22·84% (−25·22 to −20·48)* | 3·03 (2·69 to 3·42) | 2·14 (1·87 to 2·45) | 1·76 (1·52 to 2·02) | −29·41% (−32·09 to −26·70)* | −17·69% (−19·36 to −16·15)* | −41·90% (−44·51 to −39·26)* | ||
| 3 | Chewing tobacco | 2·29% (−7·00 to 12·86) | 3·87 (3·50 to 4·28) | 3·84 (3·62 to 4·07) | 3·75 (3·49 to 3·99) | −0·70% (−10·25 to 10·88) | −2·38% (−8·94 to 5·11) | −3·07% (−13·75 to 9·32) | 2·26 (1·99 to 2·56) | 2·51 (2·29 to 2·76) | 2·51 (2·26 to 2·78) | 10·97% (−3·08 to 26·36) | 0·01% (−9·14 to 10·78) | 10·99% (−5·66 to 29·80) | ||
| 3 | Second-hand smoke | −21·43% (−23·56 to −19·30)* | 37·72 (36·74 to 38·70) | 31·63 (30·95 to 32·28) | 30·28 (29·49 to 31·03) | −16·14% (−18·81 to −13·41)* | −4·29% (−6·12 to −2·50)* | −19·73% (−22·82 to −16·64)* | 55·74 (54·84 to 56·65) | 46·24 (45·64 to 46·83) | 43·06 (42·34 to 43·73) | −17·04% (−18·84 to −15·22)* | −6·87% (−7·86 to −5·78)* | −22·74% (−24·68 to −20·68)* | ||
| 2 | Alcohol use | 5·06% (−3·78 to 16·70) | 14·70 (10·85 to 19·08) | 15·60 (11·66 to 19·90) | 16·23 (12·08 to 20·62) | 6·16% (1·44 to 12·04)* | 4·04% (−3·29 to 12·12) | 10·45% (0·63 to 22·45)* | 5·20 (3·28 to 8·08) | 4·77 (3·02 to 7·43) | 4·65 (2·96 to 7·16) | −8·27% (−11·62 to −4·80)* | −2·55% (−7·82 to 3·98) | −10·62% (−17·02 to −2·18)* | ||
| 2 | Drug use | 6·12% (−1·31 to 12·81) | 0·80 (0·66 to 0·98) | 0·81 (0·68 to 0·97) | 0·86 (0·72 to 1·04) | 1·62% (−2·63 to 5·43) | 6·46% (2·56 to 10·64)* | 8·19% (0·33 to 15·62)* | 0·41 (0·34 to 0·52) | 0·40 (0·34 to 0·50) | 0·42 (0·35 to 0·52) | −2·11% (−6·24 to 1·44) | 4·62% (1·89 to 7·45)* | 2·42% (−3·92 to 8·46) | ||
| 2 | Dietary risks | |||||||||||||||
| 3 | Diet low in fruits | −16·58% (−20·93 to −13·20)* | 41·15 (35·95 to 43·87) | 37·76 (32·37 to 40·96) | 34·72 (29·05 to 38·30) | −8·23% (−10·79 to −6·35)* | −8·07% (−10·70 to −6·07)* | −15·64% (−19·96 to −12·32)* | 38·99 (33·82 to 42·00) | 35·35 (29·94 to 38·89) | 32·14 (26·64 to 36·06) | −9·33% (−12·16 to −7·13)* | −9·08% (−12·00 to −6·77)* | −17·57% (−22·33 to −13·68)* | ||
| 3 | Diet low in vegetables | −25·60% (−31·95 to −20·57)* | 35·04 (31·55 to 38·18) | 29·42 (25·21 to 33·30) | 25·63 (21·20 to 29·72) | −16·03% (−21·02 to −12·12)* | −12·88% (−17·07 to −9·52)* | −26·84% (−33·90 to −21·22)* | 36·41 (33·12 to 39·35) | 31·17 (26·96 to 34·90) | 27·51 (23·05 to 31·60) | −14·40% (−18·99 to −10·80)* | −11·75% (−15·63 to −8·63)* | −24·46% (−30·99 to −19·15)* | ||
| 3 | Diet low in legumes | −6·18% (−9·08 to −2·69)* | 21·06 (17·40 to 24·33) | 21·13 (18·06 to 23·93) | 19·88 (16·89 to 22·61) | 0·34% (−3·84 to 5·80) | −5·93% (−8·59 to −3·70)* | −5·61% (−10·07 to 0·10) | 24·79 (21·35 to 27·99) | 24·52 (21·44 to 27·34) | 23·17 (20·20 to 25·82) | −1·09% (−4·01 to 2·82) | −5·51% (−7·37 to −3·55)* | −6·54% (−9·76 to −2·67)* | ||
| 3 | Diet low in whole grains | −1·99% (−2·77 to −1·31)* | 39·23 (36·80 to 41·29) | 39·21 (36·79 to 41·28) | 38·46 (35·92 to 40·64) | −0·04% (−0·73 to 0·65) | −1·93% (−2·80 to −1·24)* | −1·97% (−2·99 to −1·09)* | 40·16 (37·90 to 42·09) | 40·10 (37·80 to 42·05) | 39·36 (36·95 to 41·44) | −0·14% (−0·76 to 0·52) | −1·84% (−2·63 to −1·16)* | −1·99% (−2·91 to −1·16)* | ||
| 3 | Diet low in nuts and seeds | −8·05% (−9·80 to −6·60)* | 50·92 (50·10 to 51·59) | 48·71 (47·51 to 49·73) | 46·66 (45·03 to 48·05) | −4·34% (−5·29 to −3·53)* | −4·19% (−5·31 to −3·27)* | −8·35% (−10·24 to −6·76)* | 51·05 (50·27 to 51·71) | 49·00 (47·85 to 49·97) | 47·09 (45·46 to 48·40) | −4·02% (−4·92 to −3·27)* | −3·91% (−5·02 to −3·08)* | −7·77% (−9·62 to −6·30)* | ||
| 3 | Diet low in milk | −0·17% (−0·45 to 0·10) | 45·53 (43·68 to 47·09) | 45·56 (43·72 to 47·13) | 45·35 (43·45 to 46·95) | 0·07% (−0·23 to 0·32) | −0·47% (−0·77 to −0·21)* | −0·41% (−0·81 to −0·05)* | 45·57 (43·74 to 47·13) | 45·69 (43·88 to 47·21) | 45·57 (43·77 to 47·11) | 0·26% (0·01 to 0·53)* | −0·24% (−0·52 to −0·00)* | 0·01% (−0·36 to 0·35) | ||
| 3 | Diet high in red meat | 24·36% (12·39 to 37·31)* | 11·92 (10·57 to 13·60) | 13·20 (10·85 to 15·28) | 15·11 (12·67 to 17·16) | 10·73% (−1·26 to 23·05) | 14·51% (4·18 to 25·74)* | 26·80% (13·02 to 42·06)* | 5·69 (4·55 to 6·96) | 5·50 (3·77 to 7·28) | 6·81 (4·68 to 8·84) | −3·36% (−18·75 to 13·13) | 23·71% (7·41 to 42·85)* | 19·55% (−0·62 to 43·50) | ||
| 3 | Diet high in processed meat | −9·26% (−17·94 to −1·01)* | 5·14 (4·22 to 6·43) | 5·04 (4·16 to 6·49) | 4·70 (3·59 to 6·30) | −1·86% (−7·74 to 3·41) | −6·86% (−14·14 to −1·12)* | −8·60% (−18·72 to 0·86) | 3·67 (2·72 to 4·89) | 3·56 (2·72 to 4·88) | 3·31 (2·37 to 4·78) | −3·07% (−9·76 to 3·22) | −7·01% (−15·25 to −0·53)* | −9·87% (−20·20 to −0·10)* | ||
| 3 | Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 17·14% (8·34 to 28·02)* | 5·40 (2·78 to 6·11) | 5·78 (2·98 to 6·46) | 6·58 (3·37 to 7·53) | 7·07% (−0·77 to 16·86) | 13·84% (7·17 to 22·04)* | 21·88% (10·56 to 36·93)* | 4·26 (2·19 to 4·93) | 4·32 (2·24 to 4·90) | 4·74 (2·43 to 5·52) | 1·48% (−8·10 to 12·66) | 9·71% (2·50 to 18·05)* | 11·34% (−1·05 to 27·07) | ||
| 3 | Diet low in fibre | −8·91% (−11·91 to −6·62)* | 33·29 (29·03 to 36·82) | 31·63 (27·12 to 35·34) | 29·89 (25·25 to 33·84) | −4·98% (−7·48 to −3·12)* | −5·49% (−8·09 to −3·59)* | −10·20% (−14·35 to −7·24)* | 37·43 (33·84 to 40·34) | 36·00 (32·26 to 39·08) | 34·51 (30·41 to 37·81) | −3·80% (−5·65 to −2·43)* | −4·15% (−6·08 to −2·76)* | −7·79% (−10·94 to −5·47)* | ||
| 3 | Diet low in calcium | −8·74% (−11·17 to −6·88)* | 40·27 (37·48 to 42·55) | 38·34 (35·16 to 40·93) | 36·24 (32·61 to 39·15) | −4·81% (−6·29 to −3·71)* | −5·47% (−7·29 to −4·14)* | −10·01% (−13·01 to −7·83)* | 41·68 (39·09 to 43·76) | 40·22 (37·39 to 42·57) | 38·52 (35·36 to 41·16) | −3·52% (−4·57 to −2·67)* | −4·21% (−5·56 to −3·23)* | −7·58% (−9·83 to −5·91)* | ||
| 3 | Diet low in seafood omega 3 fatty acids | −6·77% (−8·52 to −5·29)* | 44·02 (42·36 to 45·64) | 42·10 (40·09 to 44·08) | 40·58 (38·22 to 42·83) | −4·37% (−5·47 to −3·41)* | −3·62% (−4·82 to −2·64)* | −7·83% (−9·93 to −6·06)* | 44·84 (43·28 to 46·33) | 43·42 (41·57 to 45·17) | 42·25 (40·08 to 44·25) | −3·17% (−4·03 to −2·44)* | −2·70% (−3·66 to −1·93)* | −5·78% (−7·42 to −4·39)* | ||
| 3 | Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | −12·92% (−16·36 to −10·15)* | 39·12 (36·71 to 41·43) | 35·30 (32·30 to 38·06) | 33·81 (30·64 to 36·77) | −9·75% (−12·76 to −7·20)* | −4·23% (−5·79 to −2·96)* | −13·57% (−17·22 to −10·52)* | 39·10 (36·62 to 41·39) | 35·61 (32·53 to 38·35) | 34·29 (31·08 to 37·22) | −8·93% (−11·82 to −6·58)* | −3·72% (−5·16 to −2·57)* | −12·31% (−15·97 to −9·43)* | ||
| 3 | Diet high in trans fatty acids | −46·57% (−66·28 to −32·85)* | 4·26 (2·41 to 6·95) | 2·85 (1·23 to 5·40) | 2·26 (0·77 to 4·67) | −33·08% (−49·65 to −22·64)* | −20·61% (−37·67 to −12·32)* | −46·87% (−68·26 to −32·36)* | 5·73 (3·62 to 8·61) | 3·91 (1·96 to 6·68) | 3·08 (1·28 to 5·71) | −31·76% (−45·68 to −22·25)* | −21·33% (−35·58 to −13·42)* | −46·32% (−64·75 to −33·34)* | ||
| 3 | Diet high in sodium | −8·75% (−16·90 to −3·84)* | 17·26 (12·52 to 22·33) | 16·84 (11·76 to 21·97) | 16·56 (11·68 to 21·75) | −2·42% (−10·60 to 3·97) | −1·66% (−6·07 to 2·60) | −4·04% (−13·12 to 3·03) | 16·88 (12·31 to 21·94) | 15·62 (10·79 to 20·87) | 14·62 (9·86 to 19·92) | −7·47% (−16·41 to −2·36)* | −6·43% (−11·89 to −2·61)* | −13·42% (−23·48 to −6·76)* | ||
| 2 | Intimate partner violence | −4·50% (−6·66 to −2·42)* | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6·80 (5·72 to 7·88) | 6·47 (5·60 to 7·37) | 6·46 (5·49 to 7·42) | −4·82% (−8·10 to −1·03)* | −0·19% (−2·16 to 1·54) | −4·99% (−7·15 to −2·88)* | ||
| 2 | Childhood maltreatment | |||||||||||||||
| 3 | Childhood sexual abuse | 5·52% (4·00 to 7·07)* | 6·19 (5·08 to 7·61) | 6·42 (5·33 to 7·78) | 6·81 (5·63 to 8·33) | 3·60% (1·22 to 6·01)* | 6·16% (4·19 to 8·06)* | 9·98% (8·09 to 11·92)* | 6·79 (5·53 to 8·23) | 6·53 (5·38 to 7·84) | 6·87 (5·59 to 8·33) | −3·86% (−5·76 to −1·92)* | 5·25% (2·75 to 7·94)* | 1·18% (−1·11 to 3·42) | ||
| 3 | Bullying victimisation | 32·17% (25·93 to 41·72)* | 5·92 (2·59 to 11·93) | 7·11 (3·19 to 14·32) | 7·56 (3·40 to 15·32) | 20·06% (14·26 to 27·46)* | 6·40% (4·67 to 8·45)* | 27·74% (21·09 to 37·84)* | 4·35 (1·87 to 8·68) | 5·48 (2·42 to 10·72) | 6·01 (2·66 to 11·89) | 25·93% (19·70 to 34·55)* | 9·74% (7·97 to 11·82)* | 38·20% (30·75 to 48·42)* | ||
| 2 | Unsafe sex† | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| 2 | Low physical activity | 0·12% (−0·20 to 0·38) | 0·40 (0·18 to 0·75) | 0·40 (0·18 to 0·75) | 0·40 (0·18 to 0·76) | 0·28% (−0·00 to 0·55) | 0·67% (0·35 to 1·01)* | 0·96% (0·56 to 1·36)* | 0·37 (0·16 to 0·70) | 0·36 (0·16 to 0·69) | 0·36 (0·16 to 0·69) | −1·29% (−2·01 to −0·52)* | 0·43% (0·20 to 0·69)* | −0·87% (−1·54 to −0·18)* | ||
| 1 | Metabolic risks | |||||||||||||||
| 2 | High fasting plasma glucose | 37·71% (29·15 to 48·42)* | 1·93 (1·46 to 2·50) | 2·44 (1·83 to 3·19) | 2·72 (2·08 to 3·50) | 26·67% (20·02 to 33·69)* | 11·44% (4·82 to 19·39)* | 41·16% (31·63 to 52·98)* | 1·76 (1·34 to 2·29) | 2·19 (1·63 to 2·89) | 2·35 (1·79 to 3·07) | 24·51% (17·30 to 31·74)* | 7·26% (−0·08 to 15·53) | 33·55% (23·51 to 45·92)* | ||
| 2 | High low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | −6·82% (−7·88 to −5·82)* | 11·22 (9·83 to 12·77) | 10·32 (8·93 to 11·89) | 10·23 (8·86 to 11·81) | −7·98% (−9·26 to −6·78)* | −0·86% (−1·28 to −0·46)* | −8·77% (−10·10 to −7·52)* | 11·72 (10·40 to 13·25) | 11·05 (9·71 to 12·58) | 11·18 (9·83 to 12·72) | −5·73% (−6·78 to −4·78)* | 1·15% (0·78 to 1·55)* | −4·65% (−5·64 to −3·71)* | ||
| 2 | High systolic blood pressure | −1·37% (−3·03 to 0·26) | 7·12 (6·46 to 7·78) | 7·21 (6·53 to 7·89) | 7·39 (6·67 to 8·12) | 1·26% (−0·66 to 3·14) | 2·54% (0·95 to 4·22)* | 3·83% (1·65 to 6·05)* | 7·18 (6·64 to 7·75) | 6·81 (6·25 to 7·39) | 6·77 (6·19 to 7·33) | −5·16% (−7·15 to −3·11)* | −0·56% (−2·45 to 1·33) | −5·68% (−8·11 to −3·31)* | ||
| 2 | High body-mass index | 70·39% (57·13 to 84·52)* | 5·70 (4·04 to 8·07) | 8·15 (6·18 to 11·15) | 9·95 (7·76 to 13·28) | 43·04% (34·24 to 53·89)* | 22·09% (18·44 to 26·34)* | 74·63% (59·63 to 92·99)* | 6·50 (4·75 to 8·85) | 9·11 (7·01 to 11·99) | 10·88 (8·54 to 14·17) | 40·22% (32·65 to 49·58)* | 19·41% (15·97 to 23·19)* | 67·43% (54·96 to 82·04)* | ||
| 2 | Low bone mineral density | −2·17% (−3·46 to −0·97)* | 5·31 (4·53 to 6·08) | 5·15 (4·42 to 5·90) | 5·10 (4·34 to 5·87) | −2·94% (−4·06 to −1·79)* | −1·02% (−2·37 to 0·25) | −3·93% (−5·37 to −2·55)* | 6·90 (6·05 to 7·85) | 6·86 (6·04 to 7·79) | 6·86 (5·94 to 7·87) | −0·63% (−1·75 to 0·58) | 0·02% (−1·65 to 1·75) | −0·61% (−2·19 to 0·93) | ||
| 2 | Impaired kidney function | 1·48% (−1·94 to 4·14) | 2·46 (1·13 to 6·12) | 2·49 (1·14 to 6·17) | 2·49 (1·14 to 6·16) | 0·95% (−1·26 to 3·10) | 0·31% (−1·42 to 2·46) | 1·25% (−1·90 to 3·81) | 2·93 (1·40 to 6·81) | 2·94 (1·39 to 6·86) | 2·99 (1·42 to 6·96) | 0·25% (−2·44 to 2·56) | 1·75% (−0·01 to 4·02) | 2·00% (−1·47 to 4·69) | ||
Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals.
*
Statistically significant increase or decrease (p<0·05).
†
Estimation methods for these risks precludes the estimation of summary exposure values.