Table 1. Molecular phylogenetic studies that have related plant species diversifications and evolution to specific phases of the Himalayan mountain formation and its uplift.
The studies have been listed in an alphabetical order according to the author names and year of publication.
| Clade(Family) | Crown age of clade (Mya) | Methodology | Principal Findings | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koenigia (Polygonaceae) | 13.72–4.91 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Himalaya promoted species diversification in Koenigia; Himalaya acts as a primary evolutionary centre of Koenigia | Fan et al. (2013) |
| Hippophae tibetana (Elaeagnaceae) | 4–1 | MD and DT | Strong allopatric divergence was promoted in Hippophae tibetana during the Last Interglacial period (0.13–0.115 Mya) by orogenic processes and climate oscillations during the Quaternary | Jia et al. (2011) |
| Spiraea alpina (Rosaceae) | 1.2–0.6 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and severe climatic oscillations during Quaternary promoted intraspecific divergence of Spiraea alpina | Khan et al. (2014) |
| Nannoglottis (Asteraceae) | 1.94–1.02 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and severe climatic oscillations during Quaternary led to origin of several species of Nannoglottis | Liu et al. (2002) |
| Ligularia-Cremanthodium-Parasenecio (Asteraceae) | 13–8 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau between Early Miocene to Pleistocene promoted rapid and continuous allopatric speciation in the Ligularia-Cremanthodium-Parasenecio complex | Liu et al. (2006) |
| Taxus wallichiana (Taxaceae) | 6.5–2.0 | MP and SDM | Diversification and evolution of Taxus wallichiana in the Himalaya was promoted by Miocene/Pliocene geological and climatic events, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and Late Quaternary climatic oscillations | Liu et al. (2013) |
| Ostryopsis intermedia (Betulaceae) | 1.2–0.5 | DT and ENM | Climatic oscillations during Quaternary and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau caused hybrid speciation of Ostryopsis intermedia | Liu et al. (2014) |
| Dasiphora (Rosaceae) | 3.25–0.32 | DT and DET | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and severe climatic oscillations during Quaternary caused deep divergences in Dasiphora | Ma et al. (2014) |
| Rheum (Polygonaceae) | 4.2–3.6 | MD and DT | Extensive uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau promoted diversification of species in Rheum | Sun et al. (2012) |
| Fagopyrum tibeticum (Polygonaceae) | 14.8–6.4 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau led to species radiation and development of woodiness in Fagopyrum tibeticum | Tian et al. (2011) |
| Rheum (Polygonaceae) | 7 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau coupled with climatic oscillations in the Quaternary led to adaptive radiation in Rheum | Wang, Yang & Liu (2005) |
| Dolomiaea (Asteraceae) | 13.6–12.2 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau since Miocene led to the evolution of endemic Himalayan flora | Wang, Liu & Miehe (2007) |
| Hippophae tibetana (Elaeagnaceae) | 3.15–1.04 | MD and DT | Rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau affected the dispersal potential and species differentiation of Hippophae tibetana | Wang et al. (2010) |
| Pomatosace filicula (Primulaceae) | 2.66–0.73 | MD and DT | Divergence in Pomatosace filicula overlaps with the Quaternary glaciation history in the Tibetan Plateau in the Early and Middle Pleistocene | Wang et al. (2014) |
| Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) | 15–11 | MD and DT | Divergence of Meconopsis was driven by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau | Xie et al. (2014) |
| Meconopsis integrifolia (Papaveraceae) | 7.86–3.45 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and associated climatic changes triggered the initial divergence of Meconopsis integrifolia | Yang et al. (2012) |
| Isodon (Lamiaceae) | 26.44–14.66 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and associated climatic changes led to rapid radiation of Isodon | Yu et al. (2014) |
| Caragana (Fabaceae) | 16–14 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and onset of the Himalayan motion led to high evolution and diversification of Caragana | Zhang & Fritsch (2010) |
| Stellera chamaejasme (Thymelaeaceae) | 6.5892 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and associated climatic changes led to the origin of Stellera chamaejasme | Zhang, Volis & Sun (2010) |
| Soroseris-Stebbinsia-Syncalathium (Asteraceae) | 8.44–1.56 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and associated changes in climate and habitat fragmentation led to rapid diversification and radiation of Soroseris-Stebbinsia-Syncalathium | Zhang et al. (2011) |
| Phyllolobium (Fabaceae) | 3.96–3.48 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in the Late Pliocene and Early-to-Mid Pleistocene along with Late Pleistocene Glaciation led to rapid diversification of Phyllolobium | Zhang et al. (2012) |
| Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) | 21 | MD and DT | Uplift of the Himalaya and onset of Himalayan motion led to origin of Rhodiola | Zhang et al. (2014) |
| Cyananthus (Campanulaceae) | 23–12 | MD and DT | Onset of the Himalayan motion led to the origin of Cyananthus | Zhou et al. (2013) |
Notes.
- Mya
- million years ago
- MD
- Molecular dating
- DT
- Divergence time analysis
- MP
- Molecular phylogeography
- SDM
- Species distribution modelling
- ENM
- Ecological niche modelling
- DET
- Demographic test analysis