Table 2.
Predicted Prevalence of ADL Disability Prior to Death Across Subgroupsa
| Predicted prevalence, months prior to death, % (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 1 | p value | |
| Overall | 20 (16 to 24) | 23 (21 to 25) | 31 (29 to 34) | 40 (37 to 43) | 48 (43 to 53) | |
| Age at death, y | ||||||
| 80–89 | 18 (14–22) | 20 (18–23) | 28 (26–31) | 36 (33–40) | 44 (39–50) | Reference |
| 90–99 | 30 (25–36) | 34 (31–36) | 44 (42–46) | 53 (50–56) | 61 (56–66) | <0.001 |
| ≥100 | 47 (39–55) | 52 (46–57) | 62 (57–67) | 70 (65–75) | 77 (71–82) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.003 | |||||
| Men | 16 (13–20) | 19 (17–21) | 26 (24–29) | 34 (31–37) | 42 (37–47) | |
| Women | 23 (18–28) | 26 (23–29) | 35 (32–38) | 44 (40–47) | 52 (47–58) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.306 | |||||
| Minority group | 18 (12–26) | 21 (15–28) | 29 (22–37) | 37 (29–46) | 45 (36–55) | |
| Han | 20 (16–24) | 23 (21–25) | 31 (29–34) | 40 (37–43) | 48 (43–53) | |
| Residence | <0.001 | |||||
| Urban | 23 (19–28) | 26 (24–29) | 36 (33–38) | 44 (41–48) | 53 (47–58) | |
| Rural | 18 (15–23) | 21 (19–24) | 29 (26–32) | 37 (34–41) | 45 (40–51) | |
| Years of education | 0.074 | |||||
| 0 | 20 (16–25) | 23 (21–26) | 32 (29–34) | 40 (37–44) | 49 (43–54) | |
| ≥1 | 19 (15–23) | 22 (19–25) | 30 (27–33) | 38 (34–42) | 46 (41–52) | |
| White collar occupation | 0.106 | |||||
| No | 20 (16–24) | 23 (20–25) | 31 (29–33) | 39 (37–42) | 48 (43–53) | |
| Yes | 24 (18–31) | 27 (22–33) | 36 (30–43) | 45 (39–52) | 54 (46–62) | |
| Economic independence | 0.163 | |||||
| No | 20 (16–24) | 22 (20–25) | 31 (28–33) | 39 (36–42) | 47 (42–53) | |
| Yes | 21 (17–27) | 24 (21–28) | 33 (29–37) | 42 (37–47) | 50 (43–56) | |
| Good family economic statusb | 0.336 | |||||
| No | 20 (16–24) | 24 (22–26) | 32 (29–34) | 38 (35–41) | 44 (38–49) | |
| Yes | 18 (14–23) | 21 (18–26) | 28 (24–33) | 34 (29–40) | 40 (33–47) | |
| Adequate medication | 0.028 | |||||
| No | 25 (19–32) | 28 (23–33) | 37 (31–44) | 46 (40–53) | 55 (47–63) | |
| Yes | 19 (16–24) | 22 (20–25) | 31 (28–33) | 39 (36–42) | 47 (42–52) | |
| Married | 0.868 | |||||
| No | 20 (16–25) | 23 (21–26) | 32 (29–34) | 40 (37–43) | 49 (44–54) | |
| Yes | 18 (14–23) | 21 (18–24) | 29 (26–33) | 38 (33–42) | 46 (39–52) | |
| Co-residence with children | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 14 (10–18) | 16 (13–20) | 23 (19–27) | 30 (25–35) | 37 (31–44) | |
| Yes | 22 (17–26) | 25 (23–27) | 33 (31–36) | 42 (36–45) | 51 (45–56) | |
| Regular exercise | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 23 (18–28) | 26 (24–28) | 35 (33–38) | 44 (41–47) | 52 (47–57) | |
| Yes | 13 (10–17) | 15 (12–18) | 21 (18–25) | 28 (24–33) | 35 (30–42) | |
| Currently consuming alcohol | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 22 (18–27) | 25 (23–28) | 34 (32–37) | 43 (40–46) | 51 (46–56) | |
| Yes | 12 (9–16) | 14 (11–17) | 20 (17–24) | 27 (22–31) | 34 (28–40) | |
Note: ADL, activities of daily living.
aDisability prevalence was modeled as a spline with knots at 30, 16, and 4 months prior to death, adjusting for sociodemographic factors including age at death, sex, race/ethnicity, education, lifetime primary occupation, economic independence, being in receipt of adequate drugs for any illnesses, current marital status, co-residence with adult children, regular exercise, and currently consuming alcohol. Prevalence for each subgroup was calculated while adjusting for all other sociodemographic factors in the model.
bThe question about family economic status was asked starting with the 2002 wave. Among the 23,934 analytic participants, 6,710 (28.0%) participants from 1998 wave and 2000 wave were not asked this question in the interview prior to death. These disability estimates were based only on decedents whose family economic status was available.