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. 2018 Oct 28;2018:4973851. doi: 10.1155/2018/4973851

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Polysiphonia japonica extract (PJE) protects against palmitate-induced lipotoxicity and dysfunction in Ins-1 cells. (a) Ins-1 cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of PJE for 24 h. (b) Ins-1 cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of palmitate (PA) for 24 h. (c) Ins-1 cells were incubated with 0.2 mM PA for the indicated times. (d) Ins-1 cells were incubated with 2 μg/mL PJE for 1 h and then further incubated with or without 0.2 mM PA for 24 h. CCK-8 assays were subsequently performed. (e) Ins-1 cells were incubated with 2 μg/mL PJE in 5 mM glucose media for 1 h and then further incubated with or without 0.2 mM palmitate (PA) for 24 h. Thereafter, the cells were starved in 0.2 mM glucose-containing KRB buffer for 2 h. Insulin release was measured after 2 h of incubation in either 3 mM glucose or 17 mM glucose. ELISA assays for insulin were subsequently performed. Data are expressed as the fold change from untreated cells in 3 mM glucose. Experiments were performed in triplicate. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001. n.s.: no significance.