Fig. 6.

Linear measurements. (a) Contact of the tongue and palate, AM-E/AM-PM. (b) Front part of the dorsal tongue, MM-MT/MM-MS. (c) Mid part of the dorsal tongue, PM-PT/PM-PS. (d) Rear part of the dorsal tongue, C1-D/C1-Me. (e) Tongue tip, P′-Ti/SI-I. MM-MT, MM-MS, PM-PT, PM-PS, C1-D, C1-Me, and SI-I are distances measured in a straight line. P′-Ti is the shortest distance from a line perpendicular to the palatal plane (through the PNS) to Ti (modified from Fujiki et al. [14]). For abbreviations, see Table 1