Table 1.
Quality of life, diurnal preference questionnaire, sleep questionnaire, and sleep diary variables (mean ± SD), by group and in relation to treatment.
| Baseline | During light administration | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy volunteers | PBC | Cirrhosis | Healthy volunteers | PBC | Cirrhosis | ||
| (n = 6) | (n = 13) | (n = 7) | (n = 6) | (n = 13) | (n = 7) | ||
| Quality of life | SF-36 Physical Component | 53.51 ± 0.71 | 41.42 ± 9.21 | 36.83 ± 12.54 | 53.49 ± 1.41 | 44.38 ± 8.24 | 33.01 ± 10.02 |
| SF-36 Mental Component | 47.53 ± 14.14 | 35.16 ± 9.38 | 46.51 ± 21.78 | 54.52 ± 0.71 | 38.31 ± 10.17 | 47.52 ± 11.11 | |
| Diurnal preference | Horne-Östberg score | 62.16 ± 11.23 | 55.85 ± 14.48 | 56.86 ± 11.07 | NA | NA | NA |
| Subjective sleep quality (PSQI) | Component 1—Subjective sleep quality (0-3) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.9# | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.8* | 1.1 ± 0.7 |
| Component 2–Sleep latency (0-3) | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.7# | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | |
| Component 3—Sleep duration (0-3) | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.8# | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | |
| Component 4—Sleep efficiency (0-3) | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 1.0# | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | |
| Component 5—Sleep disturbance (0–3) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | |
| Component 6—Use of sleep medication (0–3) | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 0.7 ± 1.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | |
| Component 7—Daytime dysfunction (0–3) | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5* | 1.9 ± 0.4 | |
| Global score (0–21) | 5.3 ± 2.1 | 13.1 ± 4.0# | 11.3 ± 4.8▴ | 4.5 ± 1.5 | 9.4 ± 3.9* | 8.4 ± 4.5 | |
| Sleep diaries | Bed time (hh:mm) | 23:58 ± 00:57 | 23:26 ± 00:55 | 23:57 ± 01:07 | 23:29 ± 00:49 | 23:03 ± 00:50 | 00:01 ± 00:57 |
| Time try to sleep (hh:mm) | 00:15 ± 00:54 | 23:57 ± 01:01 | 00:11 ± 01:00 | 23:45 ± 00:40 | 23:34 ± 00:52 | 00:12 ± 00:53 | |
| Sleep onset latency (min) | 8.01 ± 4.81 | 30.82 ± 16.43 | 37.62 ± 57.26 | 6.03 ± 4.01 | 25.39 ± 16.63 | 37.7 ± 42.04 | |
| Sleep onset (hh:mm) | 00:23 ± 00:50 | 00:32 ± 01:12 | 00:48 ± 01:49 | 23:51 ± 00:37 | 23:56 ± 01:06* | 00:51 ± 01:35 | |
| Night awakenings (n) | 1.39 ± 1.15 | 1.84 ± 0.85 | 2.83 ± 1.95 | 1.17 ± 0.87 | 1.4 ± 0.76 | 2.44 ± 1.81 | |
| Wake up time (hh:mm) | 06:54 ± 00:31 | 06:39 ± 01:22 | 07:26 ± 00:47 | 06:36 ± 00:24 | 06:30 ± 01:08 | 07:30 ± 00:52 | |
| Get up time (hh:mm) | 07:12 ± 00:37 | 07:21 ± 01:20 | 07:56 ± 00:56 | 06:58 ± 00:37 | 06:58 ± 01:07* | 07:51 ± 00:53 | |
| Daytime naps (n) | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | |
| Time spent in bed (hours) | 7.2 ± 0.9 | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | 7.5 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 7.8 ± 0.8 | |
| Length of sleep (hours) | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 6.7 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 90.5 ± 0.8 | 78.3 ± 11.6 | 82.5 ± 14.0 | 91.5 ± 5.4 | 83.1 ± 10.2 | 84.6 ± 11.0 | |
#
PBC vs. healthy volunteers: p < 0.05
▴
Cirrhosis vs. healthy volunteers: p < 0.05.
*
PBC light treatment vs. PBC baseline: p < 0.05.