Table 1.
Molecule mechanism of EMT and cancer dormancy within microenvironment.
| Growth factor signaling | Inflammatory cytokines | Immune environment | Hypoxia |
|---|---|---|---|
| TGF-β | TNFa | PD-L1 | HIF-1α |
| BMP | NF-κB | IFN-γ | ERβ |
| Wnt | IKK-β | IDO-Kyn-AhR-p27 | LOXL2 |
| Notch | IL-6 | M2 macrophages | LIFR: STAT3: SOCS3 |
| Hedgehog and receptor tyrosine kinases | IL-1β | uPAR | |
| Wnt/β-catenin/LEF-1 | VCAM-1 | ||
| PTKs | integrin α4β1 | ||
| [ERK/p38]low | |||
| P27 |
†TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β family; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; PTKs, receptor tyrosine kinases;
‡VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1;§PD-L1, programmed cell death-Ligand 1; IFN-γ, interferon-γ;¶HIF-1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; ERβ, estrogen receptor β; uPAR, urokinase receptor.