Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and biological characteristics in patients with diabetes.
| Characteristic | Type 1 diabetes | P-value | Type 2 diabetes | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPN (n = 16) | Suspected DPN (n = 29) | Non-DPN (n = 28) | DPN (n = 698) | Suspected DPN (n = 508) | Non-DPN (n = 769) | |||
| Age, years | 57.19 ± 11.07 | 56.21 ± 12.37 | 48.79 ± 13.88 | 0.045 | 62.22 ± 9.55 | 59.30 ± 10.54 | 56.01 ± 11.34 | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 9 (56.25) | 12 (41.38) | 18 (64.29) | 0.215 | 334 (47.85) | 251 (49.41) | 408 (53.06) | 0.124 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | – | – | – | 0.945 | – | – | – | 0.267 |
| < 24 | 6 (37.50) | 13 (44.83) | 10 (35.71) | – | 247 (35.39) | 178 (35.04) | 237 (30.82) | – |
| 24–27.9 | 8 (50.00) | 12 (41.38) | 13 (46.43) | – | 315 (45.13) | 219 (43.11) | 366 (47.59) | – |
| ≥ 28 | 2 (12.50) | 4 (13.79) | 5 (17.86) | – | 136 (19.48) | 111 (21.85) | 166 (21.59) | – |
| Smoking, n (%) | 5 (31.25) | 4 (13.79) | 11 (39.29) | 0.090 | 174 (24.93) | 130 (25.64) | 200 (26.01) | 0.892 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 6 (37.50) | 5 (17.24) | 8 (28.57) | 0.309 | 159 (22.78) | 125 (24.61) | 197 (25.62) | 0.444 |
| Diabetes duration, years | – | – | – | 0.031 | – | – | – | < 0.001 |
| < 4 | 2 (12.50) | 7 (24.14) | 14 (50.00) | – | 150 (21.49) | 147 (28.94) | 301 (39.14) | – |
| 5–10 | 2 (12.50) | 6 (20.39) | 6 (21.43) | – | 128 (18.34) | 102 (20.08) | 185 (24.06) | – |
| > 10 | 12 (75.00) | 16 (55.17) | 8 (28.57) | – | 420 (60.17) | 259 (50.98) | 283 (36.80) | – |
| Cr, μmol/L | 71.0 (44.0–107.0) | 82.0 (53.0–111.0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.699 | 62.0 (51.0–76.6) | 61.6 (51.6–73.3) | 64.1 (54.9–76.2) | 0.052 |
| UAER, μg/min | 69.7 (12.5–254.5) | 27.4 (21.0–33.8) | 350 (350–350) | 0.601 | 16.0 (9.3–43.7) | 16 (5.6–79.5) | 17.0 (9.2–44.0) | 0.930 |
| HbA1c, % | 9.72 ± 1.70 | 7.99 ± 1.53 | 7.03 ± 1.24 | < 0.001 | 8.47 ± 1.83 | 7.65 ± 1.53 | 7.44 ± 1.61 | < 0.001 |
| Hypoglycemia, n (%) | 7 (43.75) | 8 (27.59) | 8 (28.57) | 0.489 | 218 (31.23) | 139 (27.36) | 159 (20.68) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 8 (50.00) | 11 (37.93) | 13 (46.43) | 0.693 | 352 (53.09) | 238 (47.89) | 340 (44.44) | 0.005 |
| On metformin, n (%) | 11 (68.75) | 22 (75.86) | 7 (25.00) | < 0.001 | 528 (75.64) | 351 (69.09) | 310 (40.31) | < 0.001 |
| Insulin | 3 (15.79) | 2 (20) | 8 (28.57) | 0.575 | 144 (26.04) | 94 (20.52) | 126 (21.65) | 0.079 |
| Acarbose | 5 (26.32) | 2 (20) | 8 (28.57) | 0.869 | 144 (26.04) | 122 (26.64) | 148 (25.43) | 0.906 |
| Glucophage | 3 (15.79) | 1 (10) | 1 (3.57) | 0.344 | 54 (9.76) | 58 (12.66) | 31 (5.33) | < 0.001 |
| Metformin dose, mg | 1.54 ± 0.80 | 1.42 ± 0.43 | 0.92 ± 0.74 | 0.058 | 1.54 ± 0.82 | 1.35 ± 0.70 | 0.92 ± 0.86 | < 0.001 |
| Duration of metformin use, months | 120 (60–156) | 60 (12–120) | 12 (6–20) | 0.016 | 96 (36–136) | 36 (12–86) | 12 (0–36) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 3 (18.75) | 5 (17.24) | 3 (10.71) | 0.708 | 199 (28.59) | 106 (20.87) | 106 (13.80) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetic neuropathy, n (%) | 6 (37.50) | 7 (24.14) | 0 (0.00) | 0.004 | 149 (21.38) | 58 (11.44) | 39 (5.07) | < 0.001 |
Data are mean ± SD, %, or median (interquartile range).
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; Cr, serum creatinine; UAER, urinary albumin excretion rates; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein.