Table 3.
Experimental evidence of OP-induced inflammation and immune modulation
| OP | Model | Exposure Paradigm | Key Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple | Occupationally exposed human serum | na | ↑Incidence of upper respiratory infections in applicators, ↓serum neutrophil chemotaxis | (104) |
| MAL | Mouse | Oral; chronic 0.1–100 mg·kg−1·day−1, 14 days acute 450–600 mg/kg | ↑Macrophage activity and mast cell degranulation | (191, 193) |
| CPF | Rat | Oral; 10 or 25 mg/kg | Systemic ↑ in TNF-α and core body temperature | (198) |
| Sarin | Rat | Inhalation; 0.2 or 0.4 mg/m3 for 1 h/day; 1, 5 or 10 days | ↑Expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 mRNA in brain | (103) |
| CPF | Primary human fetal astrocytes | 25 µM; 7 days | ↑Transcripts of IL-6, GFAP, MAPK | (158) |
| BRP | Mouse, dermal challenge and LLNA | Dermal sensitization (0.3%); dermal or intrathecal challenge (0.03 or 0.003%); LLNA 0.1–3% | ↑Inflammatory cells and IFN-γ | (87) |
| PTH | Mouse, LLNA | Oral; 0.4–1.2 mg/kg | ↑Allergic potential of environmental allergens; ↑TH1 cytokines | (86) |
| PTH | Mouse OVA allergic inflammation model | Oral; 0.15 or 15 mg·kg−1·day−1, 5 days | Exacerbated allergic inflammation; ↑IgE, cytokines, chemokines, and eosinophilia | (169) |
| CPF, methyl-PTH | HepG2 cells | 2–8 µM, 24–72 h | ↓PON1 mRNA and protein, increased inflammatory cytokines | (157) |
| CPF/CPO | Human blood in vitro | 1–1,000 µg/ml | CPO ↑IFN-γ response to LPS | (60) |
BRP, bromofos; CPF, chlorpyrifos; CPO, chlorpyrifos-oxon; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; LLNA, local lymph node assay; MAL, malathion; na, not applicable; OP, organophosphorus pesticide; OVA, ovalbumin; PON1, paraoxonase 1; PTH, parathion.