Table 4.
Experimental evidence of OP-induced oxidative stress
| OP | Model | Exposure Paradigm | Key Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple | Occupational exposure | na | ↑Malondialdehyde (antioxidant enzyme) levels and bronchial obstruction | (132) |
| CPF | Human monocyte cell line U937 | 4.45–570 µM, 0.5–24 h | ↑Time- and concentration-dependent apoptosis mediated by caspase activation (caspase 3) | (164) |
| Multiple | Occupational exposure | na | ↑Urinary and leukocyte 8-OHdG levels during spraying, correlated with urinary metabolite levels | (139) |
| CPF, dichlorvos | Human natural killer cell lines | 0–100 ppm, 1–72 h | ↑Time- and concentration-dependent apoptosis mediated by caspase activation (caspase 3) | (145) |
| CPF | Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells | 3.9–250 µM, 24–72 h | ↑Oxidative stress and caspase activation | (203) |
| Multiple | Occupational exposure | na | ↑Oxidative stress and DNA damage, higher in applicators, same in cultured lymphocytes | (135) |
| CPO | Human and mouse neuroprogenitor cell lines | 0.001–100 µM | ↓Proliferation in human cells, increased caspase 3 activation in mouse cells | (49) |
| CPF | Mouse | Oral; 3–12 mg/kg | ↑Oxidative damage in hepatic and renal tissue (ROS, DNA-protein cross-linking, 8-OHdG, malondialdehyde, ↓glutathione) | (153) |
| PTH/PO, MAL/MO | Primary cultured human airway epithelium cells | 0.25–10 mM, 24 h | ↑Oxon metabolites produced dose-dependent cytotoxicity | (5) |
| PO | EL4 cells | 10 nM, 0–16 h | ↑Apoptosis via ER and mitochondrial mechanisms, mediated by calcium | (143) |
| CPF, methyl-PTH | HepG2 cells | 2–8 µM, 24–72 h | ↓PON1 mRNA, increased inflammatory cytokines | (157) |
| DZN | Tilapia | 0.97–3.95 ppm, 12 or 24 h | ↑Oxidative damage to proteins in liver and gills | (221) |
| CPF | Occupational exposure | Average exposure estimated at 3.7 µg·kg−1·day−1 | ↑In urinary 8-OHdG 1 day after spraying, returning to baseline after 2 days; marker for ox stress to DNA | (231) |
CPF, chlorpyrifos; CPO, chlorpyrifos-oxon; DZN, diazinon; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; MAL, malathion; MO, maloxon; na, not applicable; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; OP, organophosphorus pesticide; PTH, parathion; PO, paraoxon; PON1, paraoxonase 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species.