Fig. 2.

Nanoinjection of (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovalericacid (AP5)/6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) into raphe pallidus (RPa) reverses the increase in brown adipose tissue (BAT) sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), BAT temperature (T_BAT), expired carbon dioxide (Exp CO₂), and heart rate (HR) evoked by decreasing temperature of the preoptic area (T_POA). A: representative example of the effect of AP5/CNQX injection into RPa (vertical dashed line) on the recorded parameters during local preoptic area (POA) cooling. B: group data (means ± SE, n = 5) for the time course of the responses to AP5/CNQX or saline vehicle injection into RPa during POA cooling. Each time point represents 30-s averages. *P < 0.05, significant difference between the value at the 5th minute of cooling vs. the control precooling value for both the AP5/CNQX trial and the vehicle trial. #P < 0.05, significant difference between the AP5/CNQX-induced change from the cooling-induced peak vs. the change from the cooling-induced peak following vehicle; ns, not significant. Ci: photomicrograph of a representative nanoinjection site in the RPa (red beads indicated by the arrow). Cii: the locations of the nanoinjection sites represented by red squares (n = 5) plotted on a schematic drawing of a partial coronal section at approximately −11.8 mm caudal to bregma. AP, arterial pressure. Py, pyramidal tract.