Figure 1.

Present-natural distributions (blue; [49]) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) range maps (red lines) for trophic rewilding candidates. The term ‘present-natural’ refers to the state that a phenomenon would be in today in the complete absence of human influence through time [50]. For IUCN range maps, African rhino species are shown at the country level and there are no range maps for the donkey and dromedary camel. Key locations mentioned in the text are marked: IN, introduced range; and CI, conservation introduction.