Table 2.

Training and evaluation of knowledge change

Project	Training	Training assessment	Remuneration of NPHWs
DREAM-Global	5-day training Content: CVD screening, hypertension diagnosis and management	Observed Standardised Clinical Examination Pre and post test	Paid by a base salary, then additional payment paid based on results
HOPE-4	5-day training Content: A brief overview of cardiovascular physiology and pathology, an understanding of cardiovascular risk assessment, and implementing management and prevention strategies using the algorithms adapted from the WHO.	Pre and post test Observed Standardised Clinical Examination	Paid an hourly rate as determined by National Leaders
Nkateko Trial	7-day training Content: Hypertension screening, diagnosis, follow-up. Medical record keeping.	Pre and Post-test Ongoing assessment Post-test was used as a selection criteria	Paid a salary by the project in line with other organisations
Cluster randomised feasibility trial to improve the CHIRI	5-day training Content: Overview of study, hypertension content, facilitation of group meetings, SMART goal setting.	Pre and Post-test Kirkpatrick framework for evaluation	An incentive was paid in line with the Government of India pay scales
A smart phone-based clinical decision support system for primary healthcare workers in rural India	7-day training Content: Overview of study, CVD content, smartphone technology	Pretest and Post-test Kirkpatrick framework for evaluation	An incentive is paid to the ASHA
Task-shifting and blood pressure control in Ghana34	3-day training Content: Hypertension screening and diagnosis, hypertension and CVD content, management of low to medium risk of CVD and patient referral	Pretest and Post-test	Receive stipend monthly during recruitment and follow-up.
Optimising linkage and retention to hypertension care in rural Kenya	5 days Content: Overview of study, Hypertension Content, Behavioural Assessment, Motivational Interviewing and Communication Strategy smartphone technology	Observed Standardised Clinical Examination Written test	Receive stipend for field engagement and training, incentive-based stipend
Comprehensive approach to hypertension control in Argentina	2 days Content: Educate and counsel participants for CVD care Materials developed by NHLBI in Spanish and then translated and customised/adapted. Online platform—virtual learning	Observed Standardised Clinical Examination	Salary from government, incentive for home visits

ASHAs, accredited social health activists; CHIRI, Control of Hypertension In Rural India; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NPHW, non-physician health workers.