Table 2.
Origin, insertion and action of thoracic limb extrinsic muscles of Lycalopex gymnocercus
| Muscle | Abbrev. | Origin | Insertion | Main action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cleidocervicalis | CLC | Mid‐dorsal fibrous raphe of the cranial end of the neck (at the level of C1–C4) | Intersectio clavicularis | Protract the limb |
| Cleidomastoideus | CLM | Mastoid process of temporal bone | Intersectio clavicularis | Protract the limb |
| Cleidobrachialis | CLB | Intersectio clavicularis | Distal third of the cranial surface of the humerus | Protract the limb |
| Latissimus dorsi | LTD | Muscle attachment from T5 to T8, and in thoracolumbar fascia from T9 to L3 | Tuberositas teres major | Retract the limb and flex the shoulder joint |
| Omotransversarius | OMT | Ventral aspect of wing of atlas | Acromion and supra‐hamate process | Protract the limb |
| Pectoralis descendens | PCD | First sternebrae | From the crista tuberculi majoris to the middle third of humeral diaphysis | Adduct the limb; stability |
| Pectoralis transversus | PCT | First three sternebrae | From the middle to the distal third of the humeral diaphysis | Adduct the limb; stability |
| Pectoralis profundus | PCP | From all sternebrae and deep fascia over xiphoid and cranial abdominal regions | Medial face of the tuberculum majus | Adduct the limb, retract the limb caudally, flex the shoulder joint |
| Rhomboideus capitis | RHCa | Nuchal crest (inconstant) | Fusion to the middle third of the rhomboideus cervicis | Elevate the limb |
| Rhomboideus cervicis | RHC | Median raphe from C2 to T3 | Dorsal margin and angulus cranialis of the scapula | Elevate and protract the limb |
| Rhomboideus thoracis | RHT | Spinous process of T4 and T5 | Dorsal margin and angulus caudalis of the scapula | Elevate and retract the limb |
| Serratus ventralis cervicis | SVC | Transverse processes of C4 to C7 | Facies serrata | Stability of the limb in relation to the trunk; protract the limb |
| Serratus ventralis thoracis | SVT | Medium third of the first 8 or 9 first ribs | Facies serrata | Stability of the limb in relation to the trunk; retract the limb |
| Trapezius pars cervicalis | TPC | Median raphe from C4 to C7 | Spina scapulae | Elevate, protract and abduct the limb |
| Trapezius pars thoracica | TPT | Median raphe from T1 to T9 | Spina scapulae | Elevate, retract and abduct the limb |