Table 3.

Origin, insertion and action of thoracic limb intrinsic musculature of Lycalopex gymnocercus

Muscle	Abbrev.	Origin	Insertion	Main action
Coracobrachialis	CRB	Coracoid process of scapula	Distally on lesser tubercle of the humerus	Extension of shoulder
Deltoideus pars scapularis	DLS	Caudal surface of scapular spine	Tuberositas deltoidea	Flexion of shoulder
Deltoideus pars acromialis	DLA	Acromion	Tuberositas deltoidea and distally to medium third of humerus	Flexion of shoulder
Infraspinatus	INS	Infraspinous fossa	Caudodistally on tuberculum majus	Flexion of shoulder
Subscapularis	SBS	Medial surface of the scapula	Proximal margin of tuberculum minus	Adduction of shoulder
Supraspinatus	SPS	Supraspinous fossa	Tuberculum majus	Extension of shoulder
Teres major	TMJ	Caudal angle and dorsal third of the scapula	Teres major tuberosity	Flexion of shoulder
Teres minor	TMI	Ventral third of caudal margin of the scapula	Distally to tuberculum majus	Flexion of shoulder
Biceps brachii	BBR	Supraglenoid tuberosity	Proximal third of radius and distally to medial coronoid process of ulna	Flexion of elbow and extension of shoulder
Brachialis	BRC	Caudolaterally in proximal third of humerus	Distally to medial coronoid process of ulna	Flexion of elbow
Triceps brachii caput longum	TBLo	Caudal margin of scapula	Proximal tip and caudal surface of olecranon tuber	Extension of elbow and flexion of shoulder
Triceps brachii caput laterale	TBLa	Tricipital line of humerus	Lateral elevation of olecranon tuber	Extension of elbow
Triceps brachii caput mediale	TBM	Proximally to tuberositas teres major on the proximal humeral medial surface	Medial elevation of olecranon tuber	Extension of elbow
Triceps brachii caput accessorium	TBA	Proximal caudal part of the neck of the humerus	Medial elevation of olecranon tuber	Extension of elbow
Anconeus	ANC	Lateral epicondilar crest and olecrani fossae	Lateral surface of olecranon	Extension of elbow
Tensor fasciae antebrachii	TFA	From aponeurosis with latissimus dorsi in the axillary region	Antebrachial fascia	Extension of elbow and tensioning of antebrachial fascia
Brachioradialis	BRR	Lateral supracondylar crest of humerus	Medial styloid process of humerus	Supination
Extensor carpi radialis	ECR	Lateral supracondylar crest of humerus	Tuberosity of metacarpals II and III	Extension of carpal joint
Extensor digitorum comunis	EDC	Lateral epicondyle of humerus	Processus extensorius of distal phalanx of digits II–V	Extension of four main digits
Extensor digitorum lateralis	EDL	Lateral epicondyle of humerus	Processus extensorius of distal phalanx of digits (III) IV–V	Extension of two or three lateral digits
Ulnaris lateralis	UNL	Lateral epicondyle of humerus	Laterally on the base of metacarpal V	Flexion of carpal joint
Supinator	SUP	Lateral epicondyle of humerus	Cranial and medial surfaces of proximal radius	Supination
Extensor digiti I and II	EDI‐EDII	Lateral distal half of ulna	Head of the metacarpal I and tendon of extensor digitorum communis to digit II	Extension of digits I and II
Abductor digiti I longus	ABIL	Lateral surface of radius and ulna	Base of metacarpal I	Extension and abduction of digit I
Pronator teres	PRT	Medial epicondyle of humerus	Middle third of the cranial surface of radial diaphysis	Pronation
Flexor carpi radialis	FCR	Medial epicondyle of humerus	Palmar surface of base of metacarpals II and III	Flexion of carpal joint
Flexor digitorum superficialis	FDS	Medial epicondyle of humerus	Palmar surface of base of middle phalanx	Flexion of digits II–V
Flexor carpi ulnaris caput humerale	FCUH	Medial epicondyle of humerus	Accessory carpal bone	Flexion of carpus
Flexor carpi ulnaris caput ulnare	FCUU	Caudal margin of proximal third of ulna	Accessory carpal bone	Flexion of carpus
Flexor digitorum profundus caput humerale	FDPH	Medial epicondyle of humerus	Flexor tubercule of the distal phalanx of the digits I–V	Flexion of digits I–V
Flexor digitorum profundus caput radiale	FDPR	Proximal second quarter of craniomedial surface of radius	Flexor tubercle of distal phalanx of the digits I–V	Flexion of digits I–V
Flexor digitorum profundus caput ulnare	FDPU	Caudal surface of ulna, distally from olecranon to medium third of ulna	Flexor tubercle of distal phalanx of digits I–V	Flexion of digits I–V
Pronator quadratus	PRQ	Medial surface of body of ulna	Medial surface of body of radius	Pronation
Interflexorius	IFL	From humeral head of m. flexor digitorum profundus	Fusion with tendons of m. flexor digitorum superficialis to digits II and III	Flexion of digits II and III
Flexor digitorum brevis	FDB	From tendon of m. flexor digitorum superficialis to digit V	Proximal phalanx of digit V	Flexion of digit V
Lumbricales	LMB	Aponeurosis of tendons of m. flexor digitorum profundus	Proximal phalanx of digits III, IV and V	Flexion of digit III–V
Interosseous I, II, III and IV	INT	Basis of metacarpals II‐V	Proximal sesamoids and proximal phalanx of digits II–V	Flexion of digits II–V
Abductor digiti I brevis	ABIB	Flexor retinaculum	Fusion with the tendon of abductor digiti I longus	Abduction of digit I
Flexor digiti I brevis	FDB	Radiate carpal ligament	Proximal sesamoid of digit I	Flexion of digit I
Adductor digiti I	ADI	Flexor retinaculum	Proximal phalanx of digit I	Adduction of digit I
Abductor digiti V	ABV	Accessory carpal bone	Proximal phalanx of digit V	Abduction of digit V
Flexor digiti V	FDV	From ligament of accessory carpal bone to metacarpal IV	Fusion with tendon of m. abductor digiti V	Flexion of digit V
Adductor digiti V	ADV	Radiate carpal ligament	Medial surface of metacarpal V	Adduction of digit V
Adductor digit II	ADII	Radiate carpal ligament	Axial surface of base of proximal phalanx of digit II	Adduction of digit II