Table 4.
BR response to various kinds of heavy metal stresses
| Stress | Crops | Year | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum | Mung bean | 2008 | EBR significantly increased plant growth, chlorophyll under Al stress condition | [85] |
| Iron deficiency | Cucumber | 2012 | EBR regulate cucumber growth, stimulate ferric reductase activity (FRO), FRO1 and IRT1 (Fe transporters) genes expression and reduce Fe translocation from roots to shoots, reduce Fe deficiency effect | [116] |
| Heavy metal | Chlorella vulgaris | 2000 | EBR significantly overcome the inhibitory effect of heavy metals and significantly regulate plant growth | [87] |
| Heavy metal | Chlorella vulgaris | 2010 | EBR significantly reduce heavy metal stress by activation antioxidant enzymes activities | [80] |
| Cadmium | H. tuberosus | 2012 | EBR restore photosynthetic capacity and reduce Cd effect | [81] |
| Cadmium | Winter rape | 2005 | EBR enhanced antioxidant enzymes capacity to reduce Cd effect and significantly improve photosynthesis efficiency in rape | [117] |
| Copper | Brassica juncea. L | 2007 | Pre-sowing treatment of EBR enhance seedling by activating antioxidant enzymes capacity, reduce metal uptake, increase protein biosynthesis | [118] |
| Chromium | Chickpea | 2008 | EBR significantly alleviate chromium effect, increase chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes capacity and ultimately increase tobacco seedling growth | [89] |
| Copper | Radish | 2010 | EBR improved radical scavenging activities, increase antioxidant enzymes capacity, increase ascorbic acid, phenols and proline contents, because of it plant growth were improved significantly | [119] |
| Heavy metal | Maize | 2013 | EBR have a stimulating effect on seed germination and seedling growth. It reduce heavy metal induce electrolyte leakage form maize cells | [120] |
| Nickel | Brassica juncea | 2007 | EBR significantly enhanced Brassica juncea growth, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic capacity, Nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activity and activate defense system | [121] |
| Nickel | Wheat | 2010 | EBR enhance wheat seedling growth and related parameters, photosynthesis, chlorophyll, antioxidant enzymes capacity and activate enzymes | [122] |
| Lead | Fenugreek | 2014 | EBR improve plant growth, biomass, photosynthesis pigment, photosynthesis and reduce Pb toxic effect | [123] |
| Cadmium | Tomato | 2011 | EBR play a protective role against Cadmium stress by increasing plant defense system and activating enzymes | [46] |