Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at baseline
| Randomized (N=182)j | Intervention (N=92)j | Control (N=90)j | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Value | Value | Value | |
|
| |||
| Age (years) | 68.93±8.58 | 68.53±8.16 | 69.34±9.02 |
| Sex, male | 111 (61.0) | 54 (58.7) | 57 (63.3) |
| Education | |||
| Primary school | 57 (32.2) | 29 (31.9) | 28 (32.6) |
| High school/university | 120 (67.8) | 62 (68.1) | 58 (67.4) |
| Cohabitation, living alonea | 54 (30.0) | 27 (29.3) | 27 (30.7) |
| Other chronic diseaseb | 170 (96.6) | 87 (95.6) | 83 (97.6) |
| Comorbidityc | 2.51±1.87 | 2.68±1.91 | 2.33±1.82 |
| FEV1% predicted | 45.03±15.31 | 45.22±14.44 | 44.84±16.23 |
| GOLDd grade | |||
| GOLD II | 73 (40.1) | 35 (38.0) | 38 (42.2) |
| GOLD III | 73 (40.1) | 42 (45.7) | 31 (34.4) |
| GOLD IV | 36 (19.8) | 15 (16.3) | 21 (23.3) |
| Years diagnosed with COPD | 8.83±5.87 | 9.20±6.25 | 8.47±5.49 |
| CATe score | 19.09±7.35 | 18.68±7.15 | 19.51±7.58 |
| mMRCf score | 1.82±1.09 | 1.88±1.06 | 1.76±1.12 |
| mMRC grade 0 | 20 (11.6) | 7 (7.9) | 13 (15.5) |
| mMRC grade 1 | 51 (29.5) | 29 (32.6) | 22 (26.2) |
| mMRC grade 2 | 51 (29.5) | 27 (30.3) | 24 (28.6) |
| mMRC grade 3 | 42 (24.3) | 20 (22.5) | 22 (26.2) |
| mMRC grade 4 | 9 (5.2) | 6 (6.7) | 3 (3.6) |
| Self-management domainsg | |||
| Positive and active engagement in life | 2.92±0.44 | 2.96±0.41 | 2.88±0.46 |
| Health directed activities | 2.63±0.63 | 2.63±0.68 | 2.64±0.58 |
| Skill and technique acquisition | 2.70±0.44 | 2.73±0.45 | 2.68±0.43 |
| Constructive attitudes and approaches | 2.89±0.44 | 2.90±0.40 | 2.88±0.48 |
| Self-monitoring and insight | 3.03±0.35 | 3.06±0.35 | 3.00±0.35 |
| Health service navigation | 2.87±0.38 | 2.93±0.38 | 2.82±0.38 |
| Social integration and support | 2.80±0.44 | 2.83±0.41 | 2.77±0.48 |
| Emotional distress | 2.38±0.62 | 2.41±0.62 | 2.34±0.63 |
| GSE,h total score | 25.97±6.42 | 26.92±6.16 | 24.96±6.57 |
| SOC-13,i total score | 64.59±9.64 | 65.10±9.64 | 64.06±9.66 |
Notes: Data are shown as mean ± SD or n (%).
Cohabitation: living alone; living with someone.
Other chronic disease: yes; no.
Comorbidity: rated between 0 (no comorbidities) and 16 based on a list of common comorbidities.
GOLD, grading of lung function; mild (I), moderate (II), severe (III), or very severe (IV), defined as FEV1/FVC <0.7 and FEV1% ≥80% (I), FEV1% 50%–79% (II), FEV1% 30%–49% (III), or FEV1% <30% (IV).
CAT: score range: 0–40.
mMRC: score range: 0–4.
Domains of the heiQ: score range: 1–4.
GSE: score range: 10–40.
SOC-13: score range: 13–91.
N=182, N=92, and N=90 are the largest N values; for some variables the N is lower.
Abbreviations: CAT, COPD Assessment Test; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; GSE, General Self-Efficacy Scale; heiQ, Health Education Impact Questionnaire; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale; SOC-13, 13-item Sense of Coherence Scale.