. 2018 Nov 8;13:3677–3688. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S181005

Table 2.

Effects of better living with COPD (primary outcomes) evaluated by PPA and ITT analysis, ANCOVA: means from baseline and follow-up, mean change difference and effect size

Self- management domains		PPA^c								ITT

		Control		Intervention		Mean change difference^b				Control		Intervention		Mean change difference^b

		N	Mean ± SD^a	N	Mean ± SD^a	Mean	95% CI	d	P-value^d	N	Mean ± SD^a	N	Mean ± SD^a	Mean	95% CI	d	P-value^d

Positive and active engagement in life	Baseline	68	2.87±0.47	54	2.94±0.40					86	2.88±0.46	91	2.96±0.41
Positive and active engagement in life	Follow-up	68	2.91±0.49	54	3.00±0.32	0.02	−0.13 to 0.17	0.04	0.3634	68	2.91±0.47	60	2.97±0.33	0.00	−0.14 to 0.14	0.00	0.5543
Health directed activities	Baseline	67	2.60±0.54	54	2.53±0.71					85	2.64±0.58	91	2.63±0.68
Health directed activities	Follow-up	69	2.67±0.53	54	2.68±0.59	0.13	−0.04 to 0.30	0.27	0.3154	69	2.67±0.53	60	2.70±0.59	0.11	−0.05 to 0.28	0.25	0.3225
Skill and technique acquisition	Baseline	68	2.68±0.45	54	2.78±0.44					86	2.68±0.43	90	2.73±0.45
Skill and technique acquisition	Follow-up	67	2.70±0.35	55	2.85±0.40	0.06	−0.07 to 0.19	0.17	0.0405	67	2.70±0.35	61	2.85±0.38	0.06	−0.06 to 0.19	0.17	0.0356
Constructive attitudes and approaches	Baseline	68	2.88±0.46	54	2.93±0.43					86	2.88±0.48	90	2.90±0.40
Constructive attitudes and approaches	Follow-up	67	2.87±0.41	54	3.09±0.39	0.16	0.03 to 0.30	0.38	0.0021	67	2.87±0.41	61	3.07±0.41	0.14	0.00 to 0.27	0.32	0.0069
Self-monitoring and insight	Baseline	69	2.97±0.34	54	3.05±0.33					87	3.00±0.35	91	3.06±0.35
Self-monitoring and insight	Follow-up	69	2.98±0.32	55	3.11±0.27	0.05	−0.07 to 0.18	0.15	0.0494	69	2.98±0.32	61	3.09±0.27	0.02	−0.10 to 0.15	0.07	0.0944
Health service navigation	Baseline	68	2.79±0.37	54	2.92±0.35					86	2.82±0.38	91	2.93±0.38
Health service navigation	Follow-up	67	2.86±0.39	55	3.00±0.37	−0.00	−0.14 to 0.13	−0.01	0.3606	67	2.86±0.39	62	3.00±0.38	0.00	−0.13 to 0.13	0.00	0.3635
Social integration and support	Baseline	69	2.79±0.48	53	2.80±0.42					87	2.77±0.48	89	2.83±0.41
Social integration and support	Follow-up	67	2.78±0.46	55	2.82±0.46	0.02	−0.11 to 0.16	0.06	0.5623	67	2.78±0.46	61	2.82±0.45	0.02	−0.11 to 0.14	0.05	0.5840
Emotional distress	Baseline	68	2.32±0.60	54	2.30±0.61					86	2.34±0.63	90	2.41±0.62
Emotional distress	Follow-up	67	2.29±0.56	55	2.31±0.70	−0.04	−0.22 to 0.14	−0.08	0.8809	67	2.29±0.56	61	2.32±0.71	−0.03	−0.20 to 0.14	−0.06	0.8914

Notes:

Means are presented from the data, therefore all participants (the total intervention and control groups) who provided data are included in the ITT description of means, including those with responses at only baseline or follow-up.

Mean change difference in both PPA and ITT is from the data; therefore, for both PPA and ITT only those with responses at both baseline and follow-up are represented.

Included in PPA were those who participated in more than half of the sessions on Better living with COPD.

P-value is from the ANCOVA based on multiple imputation (50 imputed data sets based on information on heiQ, education, FEV₁%, GSE, and SOC). A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant and is marked in bold.

Abbreviations: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; d, Cohen’s d; GSE, general self-efficacy; heiQ, Health Education Impact Questionnaire; ITT, intention-to-treat; PPA, per-protocol analysis; SOC, sense of coherence.