Table 1.
Participant characteristics by type 2 diabetes status: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2010–2013)
| Participant characteristics | Total sample N = 2049 |
No diabetes N = 1647 |
Diabetes N = 402 |
P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean years ± SD | 68.5 ± 9.2 | 68.3 ± 9.2 | 69.3 ± 8.9 | 0.042 |
| Female, n (%) | 1097 (53.5) | 892 (54.2) | 205 (49.0) | 0.254 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 778 (38.0) | 688 (41.8) | 90 (22.4) | |
| Chinese-American | 227 (11.1) | 194 (11.8) | 33 (8.2) | |
| African American | 560 (27.3) | 408 (24.8) | 152 (37.8) | |
| Hispanic | 484 (23.6) | 357 (21.7) | 127 (31.6) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Less than a high school diploma | 287 (14.0) | 204 (12.4) | 83 (20.7) | |
| High school diploma or some college | 946 (46.2) | 739 (44.9) | 207 (51.5) | |
| College degree or higher | 816 (39.8) | 704 (42.7) | 112 (27.9) | |
| Married/living with partner, n (%) | 1239 (60.5) | 1006 (61.1) | 233 (58.0) | 0.251 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.234 | |||
| Current | 152 (7.4) | 115 (7.0) | 37 (9.2) | |
| Former | 948 (46.3) | 759 (46.1) | 189 (47.0) | |
| Never | 949 (46.3) | 773 (46.9) | 176 (43.8) | |
| Presently drinking alcohol, n (%) | 894 (43.6) | 761 (46.2) | 133 (33.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypnotic medication use ≥5 times/week, n (%) | 128 (6.3) | 106 (6.4) | 22 (5.5) | 0.474 |
| CES-D ≥ 16, n (%) | 303 (14.8) | 227 (13.8) | 76 (18.9) | 0.010 |
| BMI, mean kg/m2 ± SD (N = 2048) | 28.8 ± 5.6 | 28.2 ± 5.4 | 31.5 ± 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, mean cm ± SD (N = 2046) | 99.7 ± 14.6 | 97.9 ± 13.9 | 107.1 ± 14.9 | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration, mean hours ± SD | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 1.5 | 0.038 |
| Sleep duration variability, mean ± SD | 75.7 ± 38.0 | 73.5 ± 36.9 | 84.7 ± 41.1 | <0.001 |
| Sleep maintenance efficiency, median % ± IQR | 92.0 ± 4.2 | 92.1 ± 4.1 | 91.5 ± 4.7 | 0.008 |
| Apnea–hypopnea index, median ± IQR (N = 1881) | 9.1 ± 16.9 | 8.1 ± 15.8 | 13.1 ± 21.9 | <0.001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) (N = 1881) | <0.001 | |||
| None | 640 (34.0) | 550 (36.4) | 90 (24.4) | |
| Mild | 592 (31.5) | 482 (31.9) | 110 (29.8) | |
| Moderate | 359 (19.1) | 270 (17.9) | 89 (24.1) | |
| Severe | 290 (15.4) | 210 (13.9) | 80 (21.7) | |
| Nocturnal hypoxemia†, median % ± IQR (N = 1881) | 0.7 ± 3.4 | 0.5 ± 3.0 | 1.5 ± 6.4 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, mean ± SD | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; IQR = interquartile range.
*p-Value tests for a difference by diabetes status using t-tests, Wilcoxon–Mann Whitney tests, or chi-square tests, as appropriate.
†Percent of sleep time with oxyhemoglobin saturation <90%.