Table 3.

Adjusted means of HbA1c by categories of actigraphy estimated sleep duration, variability, and efficiency: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2010–2013), N = 2049

	Sleep duration, hr
HbA1c	<5.0	5.0–5.9	6.0–6.9	7–8 (Referent)	>8	p for trend
No diabetes	N = 196	N = 298	N = 526	N = 448	N = 179
Model 1	5.75	5.68	5.71	5.68	5.66	0.074
Model 2	5.75	5.69	5.71	5.68	5.65	0.050
Model 3	5.74	5.68	5.71	5.69	5.65	0.165
Model 4	5.73	5.68	5.71	5.69	5.66	0.232
Diabetes	N = 71	N = 68	N = 123	N = 91	N = 49
Model 1	7.54**	7.03	7.18	6.94	6.91	0.008
Model 2	7.47*	7.00	7.21	6.96	6.95	0.041
Model 3	7.44*	6.98	7.22	6.98	6.90	0.041
Model 4	7.46*	6.70	7.21	6.96	6.95	0.044
	Sleep duration variability, within-person standard deviation
	≤48.0 (Referent)	48.1–70.0	70.1–99.0	>99.0
No diabetes	N = 436	N = 454	N = 382	N = 375
Model 1	5.70	5.66	5.72	5.71		0.438
Model 2	5.70	5.66	5.71	5.71		0.474
Model 3	5.71	5.66	5.71	5.70		0.733
Model 4	5.71	5.66	5.71	5.70		0.677
Diabetes	N = 84	N = 80	N = 109	N = 129
Model 1	6.84	7.17	7.23*	7.22*		0.049
Model 2	6.86	7.19	7.24*	7.19		0.087
Model 3	6.88	7.18	7.21	7.18		0.143
Model 4	6.86	7.19	7.24*	7.19		0.111
	Sleep maintenance efficiency, %
	≤89.5	89.6–91.9	92.0–93.7	≥93.8 (Referent)
No diabetes	N = 392	N = 409	N = 420	N = 426
Model 1	5.70	5.73*	5.69	5.67		0.154
Model 2	5.70	5.73	5.69	5.67		0.224
Model 3	5.69	5.73	5.69	5.68		0.445
Model 4	5.69	5.72	5.69	5.68		0.416
Diabetes	N = 122	N = 103	N = 82	N = 95
Model 1	7.34	7.09	6.91	7.12		0.121
Model 2	7.33	7.11	6.93	7.08		0.100
Model 3	7.32	7.07	6.94	7.09		0.134
Model 4	7.33	7.11	6.93	7.08		0.104

Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and field center. Model 2 adjusted for Model 1, plus education, marital status, smoking status, alcohol use, hypnotic medication, and depressive symptoms. Model 3 adjusted for Model 2, plus waist circumference. Model 4 adjusted for Model 2, plus BMI.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.